Effect smoking has on our society Essay

Smoking cigarettes have been resolved to be answerable for the sudden passing of more than 400,000 individuals every year in the United States. It has been depicted as the absolute most preventable ailment today. This paper will cover a fundamental diagram of the historical backdrop of smoking, promoting, wellbeing discoveries, and legitimate obligation acknowledged from cigarette produces. The current patterns and laws concerning the utilization of tobacco will likewise be tended to. The majority of us realize that George Washington was America’s first President of the United States. This is basic information and still showed today in state funded schools. In any case, one of the all the more astounding realities that is for the most part not talked about is that George Washington acquired a huge tobacco ranch that was included 10,000 sections of land of land just as roughly 50 slaves who were shipped to the Americas from Africa. As a result of the rising costs of tobacco in the 1730’s, George Washington at 21 years old was probably the wealthiest man in Virginia. (Badertscher, 2005, p.2). Could this have been one of the primary records that humanist Karl Marx (1818-1883) surveyed while defining his hypothesis of social clash. In the case of George Washington and his tobacco manor, free enterprise and the estrangement that it created among its slaves, who were energetically working in the tobacco fields was widespread during that time and furthermore making George Washington a rich man. The ubiquity of smoking in the 1700’s would keep on developing for the following 200 years in the United States. Alongside this way little if any guideline from our legislature would follow. As a result of the addictive characteristics that are a piece of the cigarette and its tobacco, our general public would gradually and unwittingly become dependent. Numerous years would pass before long the starting piece of the twentieth century; cigarette producers, for example, RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris were spending more than 8 million dollars in promoting every year. By the 1920’s tobacco and cigarette utilization was grabbing hold in the United States. Cigarette smoking was normal, however it was progressively being increasingly chic. Initially sexual orientation delineation gave that is was unbecoming or a private issue, best case scenario that lady would be cigarette smokers. However in promoting, beautiful lady were regularly utilized and in the long run once tobacco goliaths understood that lady were additionally a colossal piece of the overall industry, their inventiveness and shark as an industrialist grabbed hold. During the 1920’s, Lucky Strike, an innovator in striking tobacco guarantees at last went directly after the female with no respect of sexual orientation inclination. One of their popular crusade mottos, â€Å"Reach for a Lucky rather than a sweet† in a flash played on the capacity of a lady to remain dainty by declaring the advantages of smoking a cigarette as a craving suppressant.(Gardner, 2006, p.222-224). Unverified cases were normal, by the 1940’s, a publicizing office by the name of , the William Esty Company worked solely for R.J Reynolds, here they built up their own studies, regularly giving out free containers of cigarettes to their most up to date representatives, specialists. Here they utilized a courageous strategy. As a result of the way that such a significant number of individuals smoked cigarettes, including specialists, the cigarette organizations went for the most confided in individuals of that time. For the following 6 years, starting in 1946, their critical trademark would peruse, â€Å"More specialists smoke Camels than some other cigarette† They recorded this as certainty and guarantee to review a great many specialists, it would be found that these surveys would consistently incorporate a free flexibly of cigarettes to the respondents. (Gardner, 2006, p. 224-225) By the start of 1950, the wellbeing worries from smoking tobacco could no longer go unnoticed. Thus, cigarette creators would quit envisioning specialists in their ads, however next they would incorporate any semblance of famous people, for example, sports figures and celebrities. In 1961, a few gatherings including the American Cancer Society and the American Heart Association composed President John F. Kennedy and asked that the United States Government play a functioning job in estimating the wellbeing outcomes of utilizing tobacco. Quite a while later in 1964, the Surgeon General of the U.S. General Health Service discharged the primary report on tobacco smoking and related issues concerning a smoker’s wellbeing. The discoveries indicated that cigarette smoking is a reason for lung malignancy in men, the most significant reason for interminable bronchitis and a reasonable justification of disease in lady. The Surgeon General additionally specified that consistently another report would be discharged. (Terry, 1964). Next, the United States Congress would authorize the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and furthermore the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969. Cigarette producers would now be required to put a wellbeing cautioning on a cigarette bundle, cautioning the clients of its risks. It likewise just because put certain limitations on the sorts of publicizing that cigarette makes could utilize. (refer to) for instance of sociological advancement, PC innovation would take into account an immense measure of insights to gather. During this equivalent period, information was indicating a colossal number of unexpected losses and selective sicknesses legitimately identified with tobacco clients. Then again, cigarette fabricates had the option to all the more intently follow their objective market. The TV would in the long run be dispensed with as a technique for promoting, anyway the magazine, radio, web and United States Postal assistance would take into consideration an enormous crowd of smokers and future smokers to be reached. Presently quick forward to the 1990’s, and by 1998 the Center for sickness control and counteraction (CDC) the United States governments â€Å"official† truth discoverer controlled by utilizing an essential two inquiry review as their examination technique, that there were 47.2 million grown-up smokers which spoke to 24% of the populace. During this equivalent timespan, from the long stretches of 1995-1999, figures and gauges were indicating that 440,000 individuals were biting the dust rashly every year because of smoking. Clinic and social insurance costs were soaring. Risk was turning into an exorbitant issue for the cigarette mammoths. (Leverett, 2002, p. 88). 13 states brought monstrous claims against the cigarette fabricates and in the end won in a milestone settlement in 1998. The settlement included clinical costs brought about by smokers, insurance agencies, laborers pay and Medicare costs. It would incorporate installments to every one of the 13 states until the year 2025 to the total of 196 billion dollars.(Coller, 2002,p.984) Tobacco utilization is by a long shot not restricted to the United States. To best clarify its utilization today is to uncover the quantity of passings credited to smoking on an overall level. Worldwide every year more than 5 million individuals will pass on from cigarette smoking and gauges that 10 million passings for every year is conceivable continuously 2025. It is likewise assessed that if cigarette utilization proceeds with coordinated with new developing markets. That by 2030, one person will kick the bucket like clockwork from the adverse impacts of cigarette smoking. (Tomlinson, 1997, p. 3). Cigarette producers are as yet entering new markets all through the present reality. Starting at 2010, Phillip Morris International has their item ready to move in 160 nations. Soon, little creating nations, for example, South Korea and Vietnam will likewise be hostage to this pandemic circumstance and will inevitably be remembered for dull future insights. As a result of the extraordinary peril and risk concerns, used smoke is currently another zone of dispute. Used smoke is characterized as a blend of side stream smoke from the finish of a consuming cigarette and breathed out standard smoke.(Jarvie, 2008,p. 2140) It has likewise been recognized that used smoke causes lung malignant growth, respiratory tract injury, and coronary illness. More than 50 cancer-causing agents have been perceived in used smoke.(Malone, 2008, 2145) The American Lung Association has incorporated a tremendous information bank of data concerning the staggering insights with tobacco utilization of American residents. There are 443,000 passings every year that are ascribed to smoking tobacco. In 2004, it was resolved that smoking cost the U.S. about 193 billion dollars. This remembered 96 billion dollars for social insurance costs and 97 billion dollars lost in profitability. This adds up to $4,260 every year, per grown-up smoker. (CDCP, 2004). It has been resolved that cigarettes contain more than 4,800 distinct synthetic compounds and 69 of them are known to cause malignant growth. Ceaseless lung ailment represents 73 percent of smoking related conditions. It has been resolved that smokers kick the bucket at a quicker rate than non-smokers. On normal a smoker’s life is abbreviated by 13.2 years for a grown-up male and 14.5 years for a grown-up lady. (CDCP 2006). Insights are useless with regards to estimating the degree of torment and inconvenience that an individual will understanding by smoking normally for a long timeframe. The rundown continues for agonizing, genuine infections brought about by smoking tobacco, as most smokers won't experience moment passing. The sicknesses brought about by smoking incorporate; Chronic obstructive aspiratory infection (COPD), this incorporates ceaseless bronchitis, and emphysema, coronary illness, stroke, stomach intense aneurysm, intense myeloid leukemia, waterfall, pneumonia, periodontitis, and bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, throat, cervical, kidney, stomach and pancreatic diseases. (Top health spokesperson 2004). Working environments all through the United States are going smoke allowed to give clean indoor air and shielding representatives from dangerous impacts of recycled smoke. About 70 percent of the U.S. work power worked under a smoke free strategy in 1999. (Gibson, 2001). At long last in June of 2009, 45 years after the 1964 Surgeon Generals first report on the perils of cigarette smoking, President of the Un

The Passport Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

The Passport? Jeff Lund 2-10-2000 English 100 Bruce Reid At the point when individuals realize they are prepared to move to the following level, they envision an outlook of the subsequent stage. They need to intellectually get ready and decide if they are prepared to confront a harder test. For this situation point, English 105 is the following level. English 105 includes Argumentative composition and basic investigation of fundamental human issues. At the end of the day, it is a school structure class. Each English class I have taken, I have consistently realized what was normal in that class. English 105 unmistakably is an intense class, yet I am willing and prepared to take that challenge. During highschool, I have consistently been keen on taking English courses. All through those classes, I have learned that has formed me into an astute person. My relational abilities are acceptable. Individuals can plainly comprehend what I'm discussing. I've generally gotten a higher than normal evaluation point in English. The most significant apparatus I have utilized for something new is to expect the unforeseen. Continuously anticipate more enthusiastically and be prepared for shocks. Those words have gotten me far throughout everyday life and I accept they demonstrate viable. There were a lot of times when I got shock tests and even tests. Numerous individuals wouldn't have been prepared on the grounds that they were never told about these occasions. I then again, don't confide in the calendars that are given out to me. I take the time and read and study. In some cases I will proceed in the event that I feel the requirement for experience. This lone makes me considerably more prepared. (This is the place I halted) Acknowledgment Essays

Cengage Learning

Questions: 1.explain (don't just characterize) meaning.2. Why is word lucidity essential for thought clearness? 3.What are the attributes of a decent word definition? Give a case of a decent one and a poor one. 4. Can any anyone explain why when we select a word to utilize, we should consider its definition as well as its connotation?5. Clarify the two phases of basic perusing and clarify with a model why basic perusing is significant. Answers: 1. The word significance is a general term and alludes to the thought, which is spoken to by an expression and word. It can likewise be deciphered as the thought, which an individual needs to convey, by using signs and words. It can likewise include definition and components. In phonetics, it is conveyed through the usage of language (Mayfield, 2014). 2. Word lucidity is vital for thought clearness since words are all the more remarkable and they summon an extremely solid picture in the psyches of the people. The majority of the people don't give words with the credit they merit, that is the reason the people ought not express without considering the outcomes at first (Mayfield, 2014). 3. The qualities of a decent word definition incorporate the clearness and conceivability. A decent word definition ought to be effectively comprehended by the perusers and should plainly imply the thought or imagined that is being shared to the perusers. The case of a decent word is embodiment and case of a terrible word is damn (Mayfield, 2014). 4. At the point when we select a word to utilize, we should consider its definition as well as its implication since undertones are the musings, feeling, affiliations or pictures that the words arouse in the people. For example we should utilize the words like uncorrupt or young to depict virtuous conduct and ought not utilize the world like kiddish (Mayfield, 2014). 5. The two phases of basic perusing envelops before perusing and in the wake of perusing the content. The people need to investigate the piece to get an idea of what the content is about and what is the primary contention in it. Basic perusing is significant in light of the fact that it gives us the capacity to rethink and rebuild for improve clearness (Mayfield, 2014). References Mayfield, M. (2014).Thinking for yourself. Cengage Learning.

What Essay Topics Can I Choose From?

What Essay Topics Can I Choose From?The Lady of Shalott Essay Topics are designed to help guide you through this wonderful, rewarding and incredibly fun holiday. And most important, they help you understand all the essentials that will make this holiday such a unique experience.Some fabulous essay topics are for women who might be celebrating the past, present or future - she can write about her great-grandmother, grandma, aunt, or even a grandchild that is in school or college, etc. She can include family stories, interesting trivia or humorous reminiscences from friends, but the point is to make her write her essay so she feels most comfortable and at ease with it.Then there are the topics for those who are celebrating their own grandmother, mother, daughter, wife's career, etc. If you're celebrating your own grandmother and maybe have a few special memories about her, then how about writing about your great-grandmother's favorite dinner, which was eaten at the Shoshone Inn, or whe re she had her first kiss?Some essay topics are for those who might be giving it a go on their first time out on their own. For example, a woman could write an essay entitled, 'A Closer Look At My Family Tree.' She can tell stories about her family and history or any interesting event that has happened to her family.She can also write an essay titled, 'My Great Big Sister,' or 'My Grandfather's Nose' or a similar idea. Just make sure that it relates to what you think about when you think of your family tree!Of course, there are some essay topics for men as well. And it would be helpful if he knows some good books, like 'The Wife and the Suburban Road Trip' by BarbaraKollontai and 'Love and Sex With Women' by John V. Koontz.So there are lots of different essay topics for you to choose from. Each topic should address different topics or concepts, depending on whether you are celebrating your family, grandmother, or loved one, and whether you are celebrating alone or with others.

The Corruption Of Police Corruption - 1484 Words

With recent negative media coverage concerning police officers, police corruption has become a major topic. Police officers seem to be making more questionable and unethical decisions according to the media. With these questionable actions, the idea that police officers are corrupt has been a steadily growing opinion. I will be focusing this literature review on the history of police corruption, mostly in major cities/countries; the nature of police corruption; the ethics involved in law enforcement; causes for police corruption and finally possible solutions to police corruption. History of Police Corruption Since the start of policing in America, there have been major police corruption scandals, especially in New York City. Throughout the course of the last century, the NYPD has withstood at least six major corruption scandals which have resulted in commissions (Muraskin Roberts , 2009). For each of the commissions, they discussed the findings of the commissions and their attempts to prevent that form of corruption from happening again. However, it only seemed to solve certain aspects of those problems and not the whole problem. The findings of those commissions are especially important since they demonstrate that the behaviors and patterns of corruption have changed over the years. Police corruption is not a problem that is based only in one country, but a problem all over the world (Newburn, 1999). Police corruption is happening in major countries from theShow MoreRelatedPolice Corruption And Corruption1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen around for as long as the police have, is corruption. Police corruption has been defined as the abuse of police authority for personal gain (Police Corruption and Misconduct. Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. 2008. The Gale Group 4 Dec. 2017) . Corruption can be as limited as one officer, or can be group of officers as well. There is the rotten apple theory, which attempts to explain police corruption and where it comes from. While all corruption fits under abuse of authorityRead MorePolice Corruption969 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Corruption Second Essay for AJ 101 Krystal Lamas Victor Valley Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for AJ 101 for Mr. Ronald M. Field .M.A. Abstract Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are justRead MorePolice corruption770 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial gain, other personal gain, or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is taking bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. Another example is police officers misusing the police code of conductRead MorePolice Corruption968 Words   |  4 Pageselection law violations; (13) corruption of public officials; (14) copyright violations; (15) computer crimes; (16) environmental crimes; and (17) receiving stolen property This assignment requires us to write a paper on a form of white-collar crime that we feel is the must dangerous form and why. I feel the most dangerous form of white-collar crime is police corruption, which is also defined as public corruption. Public or police corruption is defined as; Public corruption involves a breach of publicRead MorePolice Corruption2291 Words   |  10 Pagesand discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption has been a problem in American society since the early days of policing. An ancient natural tendency of human beings is to attempt to placate or win over those in positions of authority over them. This tendency is complicated in today’s materialistic society by greed and by the personal and financial benefit to be derived from evading law. The temptations toward illegality offered to police range from freeRead MorePolice Corruption2879 Words   |  12 PagesStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy corruption is defined as the abuse of power by a public official for private gain. Police corruption is the abuse of power by a police officer for their own personal gain. Police officers become corrupt mainly for monetary gain because most feel that police officers do not make enough money and they want to make more. Police corruption can be costly to society and it can even violate the rights of society. Police corruption can show favoritism to some and unfairness Read MorePolice Corruption3338 Words   |  14 PagesAnalysis of Police Corruption Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, may aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an articleRead MorePolice Corruption1032 Words   |  5 Pages In Edwin J. Deltarres book Character and Cops he explores three hypotheses for police corruption in the United States. Some are somewhat historical, but they are still relevant to the problem of corruption today. The first hypothesis is called the society at-large theory by former Chicago Police Superintendent O. W. Wilson. Wilson was superintendent of the Chicago Police Department during the early nineteen sixties. The second hypothesis is called the structural theory. The thirdRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 PagesPolice Corruption: A Perspective View Into the Definition, Cause, Harm Randy Botelho BSLS Capstone, LS498-01 – Unit 9 Professor Odim December 17, 2011 Thesis Statement Corruption in law enforcement is not victimless and creates a negative perception of the United States legal system. Introduction There are few professions in the United States that are entrusted with protecting society’s safety and system of laws that have been established throughout the course of AmericanRead MorePolice Corruption2732 Words   |  11 PagesPolice corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are just a few considerations in the prevention of police corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication in an urban city during any given week would most likely

Human Resources Organizational Analysis - 1517 Words

HR challenges and strategy: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Corporation is a well-known multinational company in the world. It was founded in 1881 and launched its first product in 1885 by three brothers named; Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson. Robert Wood Johnson served as the first president of the company and work to improve the work performance of the company. Now the company has lunched more than 100 brands over these years to satisfy their customer. It supports the company based programs to improve health and create awareness. Along with its partners, it provides help to mothers and infants. Moreover, the company is working to support doctors, nurses, and other social organizations who are†¦show more content†¦To solve these challenges, the HR strategy of training and development can be deployed. Training is a process to improve and enhance the performance of workers. Most of the time training aim to sharpen and upgrade the capabilities of employees. Whereas, the development pro cess is initiated to develop new skills according to the future work needs. Training contributes in the betterment of current job activities while development deals with the skills which will be required in future. The training and development of employees will make the organization capable to deal with its competitors, minimize the ratio of conflicts and tension between the employers and employees and will also help in fostering the mission statement of organization. Effective Recommendation By implementing training strategies, employees stay abreast of the competition in other businesses thus giving them a competitive advantage; these training tools often enhance the capabilities of the employee making them a more valuable asset to the business model. But it is imperative to issue training not just to regular employees but also to those interchangeable within each department, for instance training for sales representatives in the advertising department allow firms to create new trends for marketing that set them aside from competition thus creating a competitive entry barrier from external threats. In an article titled â€Å"7 tipsShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Analysis: Human Resource Structure and Management2378 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational Analysis Running Head: Organizational Analysis Organizational Analysis Introduction Human capital is the most important resource for an organization. The effective and efficient running of business operations is solely based on the performance of employees in the organization (Robbins Coulter, 2006). They create a liaison between the organization and its stakeholders and contribute towards its success and prosperity. Employees perform their duties and responsibilities at differentRead MoreFamily Dollar Human Resources Organizational Analysis7933 Words   |  32 PagesSummary/Overview of Family Dollar II. HR Scorecard- Analysis of Survey Results III. Strategic HR Plan IV. Business Case V. References I. Executive Summary/Overview of Family Dollar EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This organizational analysis is an assessment of Family Dollar Inc., in regards to its overall strategic Human Resource functions. The analysis and recommendations are based on survey results, which wereRead MoreOrganizational Change Scenario Analysis On Human Resource Management Strategies1970 Words   |  8 PagesHRM CONSULTANCY REPORT FOR LANX TEXTILES UK, BY IKECHUKWU ONYEJEKWE 2016 SECTION 1: ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE SCENARIO ANALYSIS Unit 1: Human Resource Management Strategies Assumptions †¢ My scenario organization is Lanx, the UK-based textile production company. †¢ Let us assume the managers in Lanx have 1-year duration to resume in Delhi, India. †¢ The company would undertake the training on intercultural communication within the 12 months period. †¢ The 5 managers will go without their familiesRead MoreHuman Resource Management Affects Organizations Performance1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of how the human resource management affects organizations performance has always presented in academic world. Many scholars have done a lot of theoretical and field work, trying to prove that the contribution and impact of human resource management on organizational performance. Human resource management provides direction and enhances competitiveness in organization, and becoming a strategic partner in helping companies improves its performance (Ajit Kumar Kar, 2012). However, when itRead MoreThe Analysis Of The Equitable Employee Relations Since The Year 19681542 Words   |  7 PagesThe research has a focus on the analysis of the equitable employee relations since the year 1968. It is important for the understanding of the employee working conditions that existed in the workplace for the purpose of forming a comprehensive u nderstanding and relations to the current environment of businesses and organizations. There has been a lot of progress since the period of the Dagenham, 1968, to the current time. This has been mostly due to the industrial action and legislative changes thatRead MoreJob Dissatisfaction Is A Result Of Turnover Intention Among Nashua City Employees852 Words   |  4 Pagesor less contribute to job dissatisfaction, depending on the organizational culture and management behavior (Shahnawaz Jafri, 2009). The purpose of the study is to examine if job dissatisfaction that leads to poor job performance is related to turnover intention, or other factors such as employees’ trust of the organization, human resource management practices, inadequate training, employees job attitudes, and the role of organizational justice (Karim Rehman, 2012). The study’s findings will assistRead MoreHuman Resources. Sasnett Ross (2007) Notes That â€Å"The1185 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Res ources Sasnett Ross (2007) notes that â€Å"the human resource frame focuses on the needs of people. Leaders will value the feelings and relationships of people, and assume the organization must meet basic human needs through facilitation and empowerment† (p. 2). From my position as the organization’s senior enlisted advisor, there were numerous documented advisements to allocate fiscal year funds to contract IBM integration specialists, conduct hands-on data integrator training, andRead MoreEssay about Intro to Human Resources1561 Words   |  7 Pagesof questions originate from videos, 10% from assigned articles, 90% from lecture slides and book Example questions: 1. This job analysis tool uses the following scales to rate the importance of tasks: extent of use, amount of time, importance to the job, and possibility of occurrence. A. Fleishman B. Position Analysis Questionnaire C. O*Net D. Job Element Inventory 2. Your company is currently faced with a labor shortage. You need to correctRead MoreProject Report on Vodafone1093 Words   |  4 PagesThe Report 3. 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People Strive Their Survival Is Concerned â€myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The People Strive Their Survival Is Concerned? Answer: Introducation Food shortage is a global calamity facing many countries today. Being a basic need, people strive for it as far as their survival is concerned. Its demand has to be increasing day to day concerning the growth of population. For people to have a sustainable living standard, food counts as the most fundamental necessity. There are some factors which have been identified to cause food shortage globally. These factors are both natural and human oriented. In his book, (Brinkman 2011, p.56-78) stated that High population growth rate is one of the factors leading to increased food shortage." This happens in such a way that the rate at which the population of a country is growing is higher than the rate of growth of agriculture sector. This variation is considered to create a food shortage. Despite the existence of this challenge, there are scientific strategies that can be employed to solve it. Today being a world of technology, there are methods of scientific engineering that can be applied in the agriculture sector to help curb food shortage disaster. For example, use of machine tools such as tractors, packed quality seeds, water conservation methods and use of irrigation schemes. (Dieter 2013) outlines that Employing these practices can bring about large scale production of food and catch up with the population growth rate. Climate change also facilitates the existence of food shortage. It happens in a way that human activities such as industrialization compromise the atmosphere. This includes the release of harmful gases that disarranges the formation of clouds leading to global warming. This phenomenon affects the rainfall pattern causing severe droughts which make most of the landmass arid, and therefore not suitable for farming. Trying to remedy this phenomenon, there are systematic ways that can be applied to solve it. Conservation of the environment is a key factor that tries to solve unreliable climate changes. Like it has been observed earlier, there is a design in which the industrialization process can be approached and limit emissions leading to climate changes. For example using alternative biofuels in industries that have little or no emissions can control climate changes. A study by (Ison 2007, p.499-511) found that When these measures are observed the climate pattern can be maintained and improved. Through this, water shortage can be eliminated therefore influencing steady food production. Change of taste and preferences is another encounter that has facilitated exhaustion of some agriculture production processes. This is happening such that as the population grows, its diet preferences change too. It simply means people mostly in urban areas have opted to consume processed and canned foods including meat and dairy. According to ( Maloni 2006, p.35-52) The effect of this to the agriculture sector is that for the farmers who engage in agriculture for commercial purposes they are likely to shun away from it when the market is not positively responding. This effect undermines the agriculture sector regarding labor and attitude, therefore, leading to food shortage since large scale production becomes limited. To ensure that plenty of food is there for current and future consumption, people can standardize their consumption such that cooked food is not undermined. In his journal, (Walker 2007, p.1989-1993 ) attributes that the government can also amend initiatives that tend to fund farming practices and keeping it steady all the time. For example, it can fund farming societies by purchasing their products and providing them with quality farming necessities such as fertilizers and sprinklers. Design Process A design process has to be approached to solve the problem of food shortage. This includes a series of scientific steps that are aimed to result to a given expectation. When solving food shortage, a procedure method such as the establishment of authorized institutions providing quality seeds can reap a great benefit. Secondly, training experts on agricultural practices in high-level institutions can help solve illiterate that leads to poor production. The government can also provide family planning services that control population growth rate, as a design to solve the imbalance associated with food shortage. Encouraging research that continually develops plants and animal genetics can bring about quality production through the evolution of seeds and manure that aim at supporting quality agriculture practice. There are social norms that aim at creating awareness of an existing disaster. This awareness stirs up peoples mind to make a critical decision and also remind them of their role duties and responsibilities. For example following a statement by (Battisti 2009, p.240-244 ) illustrated that raising orange symbolism during the month of hunger action can give awareness that there exist some uncertainties concerning food provision. This can remind people of their farming duties and also create a concern in them of the future happenstance if the underlying issue is not addressed. Methodology Accessing data is one of the most fundamental processes when it comes to research. The methodology used to research the issue was the use of reliable sources from the internet and other scholarly reviewed materials. Putting into consideration that the sustainable issue has affected many people globally, getting the information proved to be easier than expected. However, the reliability of the information was the issue. Reference list Battisti, D. a. ( 2009). Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science, 323(5911), pp.240-244. Brinkman, H. a. ( 2011). Food insecurity and violent conflict: Causes, consequences, and addressing the challenges. World Food Programme., 56-78. Dieter, G. a. ( 2013). Engineering design (Vol. 3). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ison, R. R. ( 2007). Challenges to science and society in the sustainable management and use of water: investigating the role of social learning. Environmental science policy, 10(6), pp.499-511. Maloni, M. a. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the supply chain: an application in the food industry. Journal of business ethics, 68(1), pp.35-52. Walker, J. H. (2007). Household food insecurity is inversely associated with social capital and health in females from special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children households in Appalachian Ohio. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(11), pp.1989-1993

Poverty as Capability Deprivation

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essay Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essaySecond language acquisition is a complex processwhich depends on a number of factors, such as cognitive development, cultural background, personal abilities, motivation, socio-economic background, age and the level of native language acquisition. Age is one of the important factors which influence second language acquisition. In addition, the age has strong influence on the level of native language acquisition and thus has additional meaning for the study process. Multiple researches have been performed in order to trace the relations between the age and second language acquisition. All these studies agree that age has an extremely important influence on language learning and that different researches in this field may greatly contribute to the theory and practice of second language acquisition. A lot of authors such as Ellis (2008), Larsen-Freeman (2008) and Mayberry and Lock (2003) state that younger learners are more successful in language study than aged ones.   The interconnection between age and second language acquisition is evident and it is necessary to trace peculiarities of this connection. This study aims to trace correlation between the success of language acquisition and learners’ age.FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONIt is important to explain the notion of second language acquisition. Under this process specialists understand the process of acquiring other but foreign language. Studies in this field are concerned with the investigation of the process where learner acquires any other but his first language. This process can occur both – in the natural surrounding and in the form of the organized study process.   The time of the beginning of study may differ significantly and may thus influence the results of the learning.First of all, it is necessary to distinguish factors which influence the learning process when it comes to second language acquisi tion. Different specialists name different factors. For example, Yigiter (1988) distinguishes three factors which have influence on language learning. These factors include the role of teacher, the leaner and his position, and the learning method.   Collier (1988) named leaner’s cognitive style, progress in native language acquisition and social and economic situation as the most influencing factors.The age of learning is one of the most important factors in the process of second language learning. A lot of specialists believe that it has extremely important influence on the results of the study.CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESES  Lenneberg (1967), one of the pioneers of the researches in the field of second language acquisition, expresses the   idea that there is a certain period of language learning which should be considered by teachers and educators. His ideas got name Critical Period Hypotheses in language acquisition and expressed a thought that there is a period during w hich language acquisition is easy and natural. The Critical Period Hypothesis can be defined as â€Å"the period during which a child can acquire language easily, rapidly, perfectly, and without instruction† (Richards Schmidt, 2002, p.145). During this period leaning process goes more successfully and the learners are more likely to achieve good results. This is explained by the fact that learning language is an innate characteristic peculiar to all human beings. It is regulated by the biological factors and they determine the certain period when acquisition is the most effective.   This period lasts from two years to puberty. Starting from the age of two human brain becomes ready to acquire new things and to create new connections and correlations between things and objects. As Lenneberg (1967)   states in his famous book Biological Foundations of Language at the age of two or three years the period when the language can be acquired easier than in other time of life. Th is period lasts till the age of puberty. During this period language acquisition gives the best results and this is explained by the peculiarities of human brain.   So   according to this hypothesis during certain period of time human brain is naturally inclined to learn.This process lasts during childhood and youth and declines after puberty. Despite the fact that Lenneberg (1967)   himself names different time limits to this period, he still traces strong correlation between human activity and puberty. According to him after the period of puberty language abilities quickly become worse and the process of leaning becomes less effective. After puberty the functioning of brain changes in such a way that basic skill which are necessary for the successful language acquisition decline.   Ã‚  During this period learners show the best results in second language acquisition.   Lenneberg explains the duration of this period from biological point of view and uses the notion of late ralization. Lenneberg believes that language function is an innate characteristic of human brain and the process of language acquisition is not the process of learning new things but rather the process of the activation of the function which already exists.Lenneberg presupposes that during the childhood and early youth the right hemisphere takes part in the process of learning language. According to him, in the beginning both hemispheres take part in the process and it has got the name lateralization. Lateralization is a process when two sides of the brain develop special function. With the flow of time right hemisphere loses its language function and it passes totally to the left one.  Ã‚   As soon as this process is over, language acquisition become more difficult. Lateralization is usually finished by the age of puberty. So, after the age of puberty language acquisition becomes more difficult. Lenneberg made different research and spend much time to investigate the critical per iod of successful language learning. He compared pronunciation of people who started learning language before the puberty period and after it and came to the conclusion that people who start learning language later than puberty period can not acquire the right accent in contrast to children and teenagers who start second learning acquisition before puberty and speak with little accent or without accent at all. These argument are also supported by the study performed by Fathman (1975)   and Williams(1979).   Fathman summed up his research in the work called The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability, Language Learning, and Williams in the article called The Modification of Speech Perception and Production in Second Language Learning. After several years of study of pronunciation they came to the conclusion that younger students were more likely to adapt the pronunciation of the language acquired while the older ones were more likely to speak with an accen t. These researches prove again the findings of Lenneberg about the critical period hypothesis. Later researchers have also proved his ideas about brain activity and connections between left and right hemispheres. Critical Period Hypothesis is an important notion in the study of   the influence of age on second language acquisition. Despite the fact Lenneberg made his investigation a lot of years ago his ideas are still up to date and most of them are useful nowadays. Knowledge about Critical Period can become a powerful tool for teaches of the second foreign language and for those who wants to acquire it. The functioning of brain and the structure of human psychics definitely have an extremely important influence on the process of language study and this knowledge can increase teaching results to a great extent.OLDER LEARNERS AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONA lot of researches started taking for granted Lenneberg’s studies about age limitation (12-13 years) in the second la nguage acquisition. However, still there are researches (Singleton) which show that older learners are also successful in the second language and able to reach the same level or even higher as the young learners do. Singleton states that language capacity of some immigrants improves with time. He refers to Ervin-Tripp which took place in 1974 as an example: â€Å"Ervin-Tripp conducted of 31 young English speaking children who had been exposed to French for a period that spanned nine months. The results of Ervin-Tripp’s research showed that the older students outperformed the younger learners in every field of the learning process† (Singleton, 2004, p.184). He also gives another example of Dutch learners who started learning English in the classroom after the age of twelve. These learners were able to gain native-like accent (Singleton, 2004).   However, these are single cases and more exceptions from the rule and even Singleton himself states that for the long run yo ung learners are able to reach more language proficiency than those who started learning the second language after twelve.Krashen (1979) also investigates this subject and presents short- and long-term results in the second language acquisition among children and adults. His conclusions are the following: adults and older children come through stages of morphological and syntactic development quicker than children, but early start or second language learning usually guarantees higher general language proficiency with the flow of time.STAGES of SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONThe process of Second Language Acquisition consitsts of 5 stages. Haynes (2007) marks out the following stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency and Advanced Fluency. The Preproduction stage is also called â€Å"the silent stage† and the learner’s vocabulary is up to 500 words at this period. At the Early Production stage the learner’s vocabulary grows up to 1000 words and he/she is already able to build up simple phrases and use short language forms. At the stage of Speech Emergency the vocabulary is about 3000 words and the learner builds simple phrases and sentences here. The stage of Intermediate Fluency presumes the vocabulary of about 6000 words and at this stage the learner is able to make more complex sentences and his/her comprehension of the second language is great. The last stage called Advanced Fluency can be compared with almost native speaker’s language abilities, however, it takes time to achieve it – around 5-10 years in average (Haynes, 2007).Halgunseth (2009), a SLA researcher, states that children can learn the second language in two ways: simultaneously or sequentially. Simultaneous learners are children under three who learn their mother tongue at home and acquire the second language in the kindergarten or other close surrounding. Young children from multi-language families also learn two or even mor e languages simultaneously: mum speaks German, for example, and dad speaks English. The child makes no difference between the languages and does not choose the favourite one. He/she subconsciously knows what language to use with a particular member of the family and does not mix them up. Children’s brain allows them to learn more than one language. If children hear two different languages, they construct two different language systems in their brain. Each system corresponds to the one language. The construction of such systems reminds the process of language acquisition which occurs when the person stats learning not native language.   (Halgunseth 2009). If one language is more frequently used in the family and prevails over the second one, with time the child feels it and declines   it. The frequency of the language usage may also depend on the time spent with the member who speaks the particular language.The sequent learning presumes the usage of one language as the mot her tongue (the main language) and introduction of the second language at extra classes or language school, for example.   Halgunseth (2009)   insists that the age factor is crucial for the simultaneous learning, while it is not so important for the sequent learning. The factors which influence the sequent learning are motivation and language capacity.CONCLUSIONIt is generally believed that younger learners are more successfully in mastering the second language. A lot of specialists believe that the younger the learner is, the easier the study process goes. In reality the relationship between and success in learning second language is complex . From the one side Critical Period Hypothesis theory states that early age is the best age for language acquisition, from the other side mystery in native language contributes greatly to the successful acquisition of the second language. There are specialists who doubt The Critical Period Hypothesis and state that older learners show bette r results than the younger ones. For example, David Singleton (2003) expressed an idea that â€Å"younger learners to do better in the long run in the matter of second language lexical acquisition is no more than a tendency† (p. 22). In addition, other factors have also a very strong impact on language acquisition. A lot of authors state that surrounding and social factors have a very important impact on the study success. For example, if the person learns language in the class during lessons, his result will be different from the person’s results person who lives in the language environment and has an opportunity to hear the target language all the time. In addition, some specialists believe that older learners have better language competency and have better abilities for problem solving and thus can achieve better results in language acquisition. Different aspects of language are perceived differently by different age categories. Early learners show better results in learning pronunciation, while older students acquire grammar and syntax better. Language capacity is another factor which has an important impact on second language acquisition. Some people have natural ability to language study while others do not and these tendencies are only reinforced by age factors.

Sport In Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sport In Society - Essay Example Physical activity is an expression of emotion and competitive sport can have a beneficial impact when performed in favorable conditions (Cockerill, 1995). Sports participation generates transferable life skills and acquisition of motor skills can lead to enhanced self-esteem and self-efficacy. Fitness training has a beneficial effect on mood, performance at work, cognitive function and self-concept. It helps to ameliorate conditions like obesity and develop and maintain optimal fitness (Gilson, Cooke & Mahoney, 2005). Sport is an important factor in the development of the society which is why UNESCO has supported the demand to include physical education and sport in the Human Development Index (Schwery, 2003). Sport contributes to self-confidence and organizational skills. Sport is an essential element in the growth and development of the society. Its benefits are immense for the physical and mental well-being of an individual but much depends on the self-perception of an individual. the motivation and mood determine the outcome of participating in sport. Sport also fosters brotherhood and brings people together. However, globalization of sport is happening at a very fast pace. Globalization is inevitable and consumerism has given different dimensions to sport. It has led to heightened international understanding and cooperation; it has transcended national borders. Media has exploited the popularity of the sport and the sports people as the athletes are used for celebrity endorsements by marketers.

Financial Statement Ratio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Financial Statement Ratio Analysis - Essay Example (basic raw material) plus an oven to bake the cookies (plant and machinery), and also a place to keep the oven (premises). Plus, not to forget, skilled labor (You've got to know how to make cookies OR hire someone who can.). Last but not the least, your have to find a way to sell the cookies - either hire a salesman with a fixed pay or hire an agent with a fixed share in profits (Selling and distribution overhead). All these factors would sum up to be the 'Cost' incurred on making the cookies. Based on this cost, you may decide your expected 'Selling Price' and thus the 'Contribution' per unit. (Activity Ratios) Also, to keep things going, you would need enough money readily available for your short term requirements (like buying more raw materials, paying rent, electricity bills, wages to employees, etc.) as well as for long term requirements (paying off debts, more money for further expansion, etc.). Also, you very well know that your creditors will supply you material on credit only if you are worthy of it. i.e. you are able to pay them in time. (Liquidity Ratios) In both the cases, money doesn't come free of cost. Business should be profitable enough. Both the parties would again, check your credibility as well as the worthiness of the business. In the first case, you would be liable to pay a fixed interest to your bank, regardless of what you make. In the second, you've got to make enough money so that you and your friend are glad that you invested in the business. Therefore, to be sure of what you are doing, at every moment you would be analyzing your 'profitability ratios', like you would constantly be calculating your earnings as against your investments (EPS) and comparing it with what ever was the next best use of your money (opportunity cost). Further, you could even decide your debt-equity ratio - how much share in the profit should be sacrificed for funds and how much should you borrow from the bank. And if you make handsome profits, how much of it should be invested back in the business (retained earnings). Or maybe you have better uses for your money and decide to take a further loan against your business from the bank so as to free your capital and maximize your returns on investment (leverages). Thus, organizing your 'Capital Structure' is a very basic and important decision. The point behind this entire example is that the smallest of small business would require analyzing their basic ratios to know how well they are doing. Without comparing various financial figures (ratios) we cannot make an informed decision. Without these, you will never know what can go wrong with your business. Before staring any business you must know in advance what you may expect from the business and what you should be expecting in return for your time, effort and investment. At any stage of the business you must know how much have you given to the business and how much the business can return back and what is the present condition as well

From the Slums to the Superstar Status Essay Example for Free

From the Slums to the Superstar Status Essay Abstract He was the most leading emissary and practitioner of the reggae music genre. He embodies its spirit and spreads its message to all the ends of the earth. Bob Marley’s exceptional songs incorporate the stylistic range of the contemporary music of Jamaica spanning ska, rock steady, and eventually reggae. He transported this music further as a social force with worldwide appeal. No other musician was able to transform the cultural as well as musical landscape as significantly as the boy from the slums did. Bob Marley: From the Slums to the Superstar Status The man is like a hero in the classic legends of old. He lived at a time when the concept of One World, One Love inspired by the religion he believes in was starting to be felt and heard. He lived a remarkable life. It remains to have an increasing and utterly strong resonance. His was a life that represents several occasions of mystical wilderness, gangland wars, artistic as well as metaphysical insights, and political cruelty. He has reached a wide audience and his influence continues to spread. His apocalyptic truths are life-changing and inspiring as far as his Western audiences are concerned. His influence extends much further in the Third World region. His impact goes beyond the confines of his native country. He has also touched the lives of the people in certain parts of West Africa, the Maoris of New Zealand, in India and Indonesia as well as the Hopi Indians in New Mexico (Moskowitz, 2007). To these people, he was a redeemer. The elements which contributed to his exceptional works are his talent, his understanding, the love he has to give, and the sadness he felt for the society into which he was born. In his demise, he left a great deal of brilliant music from where people have taken inspiration and lessons out of. A man from a country that belongs to the Third World was able to transcend seeming boundaries. His only tools were his philosophical wisdom and natural humility. He is considered to be the most valuable artist of the 20th century (Toynbee, 2007). He has left an evocative and exceptional music to the world. His music has outlived him. Truly, the songs he made are not only universal but timeless too. Robert Nesta Marley became the first and perhaps the only big name to surface from the third world. From his meager roots, he has grown to become a man of major import and impact that his attempted assassination has political motivations. His musical influence is still felt. He became the first reggae artist to release a full-length LP that instantaneously transformed the 30 year old marketing model (Moskowitz, 2007). Apart from its commercial success, his music has a universal quality that is able to surpass language, social status, and nationality. Bob Marley was a boy from the slums of Jamaica. It was where his music drew inspiration from. His life ended too soon. Nonetheless, he is an artist that was well loved the world over. His superstar status continues to rage on. As a biracial son, his was an unhappy childhood. At a young age, he was already exposed to a society that is cruel and racist. Still, together with the bands he has formed and the music he has played, Bob Marley was able to realize success not only in his native country but even across the globe. His background is of particular essence. He was the first to rise to the ranks of superstar status, the first from a Third World country, that is. He was one of the rebellious and charismatic artists of recent history whose music reflects his humble origin. Jamaica’s history of slavery lingers on the memory of its people. Slavery has filtered through the very heart of Bob Marley’s native country, from the mid-nineteenth century plantations to the popular music of recent times. Even though it has been eradicated way back in 1834, the Africans and their offspring started to develop a culture of their own from what is left from their traditional way of life and combining them with other British traditions (Moskowitz, 2007). Precisely, such mixed culture had certain similarities with the rising society of people of color in the United States. Still, Bob Marley’s native country remained to be a rural community that exclusive of the industrialization of its northern neighbor was more strongly attached to its African heritage. Bob Marley was able to leave behind numerous songs even though his life was relatively short-lived. Not like other songwriters, he was took part in all phases of creation of his music. Bob Marley penned the lyrics of his songs, he worked on the instrumental parts, his was found inside the control room while in the process of laying down his tracks (Moskowitz, 2007). Moreover, he also took part in the overdubbing and editing process involved in the creation of his music. His music was essentially reggae that it practically cornered the â€Å"roots reggae† term. Bob’s rhythm section initiated what came to be called as the â€Å"one drop† rhythm. The term refers to the standard roots reggae groove. It can be done by accenting the drum only on beat three of a four beat measure. Normally, in Western Europe’s classical music, the accentuation is placed on beats one and three of a four beat measure. On the other hand, the second and fourth beats of a four beat measure are accentuated in the American rock and roll music (Moskowitz, 2007). The unique rhythm set his apart from the ones he has grown accustomed to. Such rhythm gave his music a distinct Jamaican character. Moreover, the man was likewise a skilled lyricist. He was able to construct expressively powerful chains of words which are apparently pleasant to the ears yet contain serious punches the moment their meanings are explored. Bob Marley was able to extract the sense as well as the emotion out of every word and then skillfully conceal them in laid-back â€Å"island†-sounding music. It was his intention. If Bob Marley’s songs were quite clearly venomous or political, perhaps it could not have crossed over into the airwaves or has gained commercial success. He exhibited a kind of front which manifested itself in the way he carried himself and the way he looked. He was usually seen dressed up in pants, shirts, boots, and stocking hats or â€Å"tams† (Moskowitz, 2007). While performing, Bob Marley usually fell into a trance-like state as he sings his songs. Bob Marley sings with eyes closed as he flails his arms and his dreadlocks swings to the rhythm. This is the character that is distinctly Bob Marley. He became the foremost star from the so-called â€Å"world music† (Stephens, 1999). Born to a biracial family in the year 1945, he was exposed to the extraordinary musical culture of his native country in the 1950s. The American rhythm and blues, the rumba and calypso of the Caribbean, the ballroom dance of Europe, the Protestant Revivalist hymns, and the drumming sounds of African music are the songs he has heard while growing up (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). Attached to the networks which connected Jamaican families to the North American and English communities, part of a local hotel circuit and inter-island club, as far as the popular musicians of Jamaica is concerned, the local was already the global (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). In the year 1962, Bob Marley cut his first records as a singer (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). He was only 17 years old at that time. The following year, he assembled a vocal group which came to be known as the Wailers. Inspired by existing American soul acts like Curtis Mayfield’s Impressions, Bob Marley and his band were used by their producer, Coxsone Dodd, as an in-house vocal group to front whatever was fashionable at that time on the local dance floor. They then covered versions of international soul and pop hits, ska, rocksteady. In 1963 and 1966, they were able to release approximately eighty singles with enough hits to launch the group as Jamaica’s most successful. However, in 1966 the group was reduced to a vocal trio which included Bob Marley, his childhood friend, Bunny Livingstone, and Peter Tosh. The stripped-down vocal group that recruited the Barrett brothers, Carlton and Aston to play the drums and bass, dedicated themselves to Rastafarianism and started working with producer Lee Perry, who added a rhythm section and encouraged them to come up with their unique sound and material (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). The Wailers’ records around this time were instrumental in defining reggae as a music genre. It was also during this time that Bob Marley started to make his mark onto the British pop. A Jamaican music entrepreneur by the name of Chris Blackwell, who was concerned in supplying reggae records to the British Jamaican community through the Trojan label and was developing new rock acts under his Island label, heard the new Wailers sound and came into a realization that his two markets need not be separated from one another (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). He believed that the reggae music of the Wailers can be sold to rock fans. His first Island album entitled Catch a Fire which was released in 1973 serves as a blueprint for international music marketing (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). It can not be denied that the Wailer’s distinction lies not only in the complexity and dynamism of reggae as compared to rock music, but in the exotic quality of Rastafarianism itself. Their songs became recognizable in the production standards, the enhanced guitar accompaniment and of course, the distinct voice of Bob Marley (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). His religion and music as it appears covers an ancient mysticism that is quite suitable for the shanty town of his origin. There is certainly something of the prophet about him which makes him unique from the other popular music stars and allows diverse constituencies to grab him. To a certain degree, it has something to do with Bob Marley’s mission, a passionate drive to create music and in the process, proclaim the truth about the world. Still, to some extent, it can be attributed to the man’s poetic vision, taken in equivalent measure from the King James Bible and patwa, the creole language of Jamaica (Toynbee, 2007). Moreover, it has something to do with the mystery of his life. His mother is black while his father is white. He was born in a colonial island in the Caribbean. Nonetheless, the boy of humble decent became one of the most respectable superstars the world has ever known. Many years have already past since his demise but he remains to be that superstar from the third world to rise to such phenomenal status. Undeniably, all of the aforementioned factors are of the essence. However, the most vital component in the creation of Bob Marley’s Messianic aura lies in the careful and effective repackaging of his music by the culture industry at a time when the legendary artist is already gone. If the measure of celebrity status is based on amount, in the sense that the more people know who a certain person is, the more famous that person is considered to be, it is safe to say therefore that Bob Marley is quite a very famous celebrity (Toynbee, 2007). He has long been gone yet his music lives on. His audience still exists. Perhaps, he is indeed the most popular musical figure of the modern times. Certainly, in the north and west of the global market, figures do give some indication of the man’s celebrity status. There is the existence of cumulative sales, for instance. In the year 2005, Bob Marley’s albums have earned sales amounting to 16. 5 million in the United States alone (Toynbee, 2007). In 2005, he placed twelfth in the Forbes list of Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. The list was based on total yearly revenue which takes into account earnings generated not purely from record sales but counting as well those earned from the exploitation of merchandising, licensing deals, and copyright to name a few. It gives a more rounded gauge of celebrity status in comparison to record sales. Such list even reflects worldwide earnings (Toynbee, 2007). However, the global factor of such figures from the cultural industries barely arrives at the man’s status in the marginal regions around the globe. Here, his audiences listen to his music on cassette tapes which are generally copied and spread outside official music industry channels. Statistics are not available for such kind of activity. There is even no way to measure the circulation of images of the man in the form of drawings and posters, or the proliferation of tales about him. There is also no available statistics to tell the number of local musicians playing his songs, or have simply considered him as the inspiration in their respective musical careers. To be considered popular exclusive of buying power, even when it accounts to the millions, has not so much value in the cultural industries in the center of the global system (Toynbee, 2007). To be famous means to have a greater social importance even when measures are not registered commercially. That kind of distinction bucks the system, signifying that there are certain autonomous tendencies working on. In that light, and considering anecdote and some somewhat unreliable verifications it appears to be logical to state that in the international south, Bob Marley is certainly quite famous. Combining such assessments with the available statistics, it can be concluded that the man is a universal superstar of the present day (Toynbee, 2007). The sheer geographical stretch of his achievements is visibly noteworthy. However, it also has an unusual quality. Bob Marley is not only a superstar. He is a third world star who traces his roots from the small Caribbean island of Jamaica, and eventually securing an audience and a particular resonance across the underprivileged citizens from the southern part of the world. Remarkably, he remains to be the only figure of this kind. Certainly, there are other successful artists who hailed from the margins, for instance form what came to be known as â€Å"world music† (Toynbee, 2007). Produced primarily in former colonies beginning in the middle part of the 1980s, world music has been secured an audience from the middle-class market in the highly developed capitalist nations of the world. Nonetheless, it remains to be a small niche, representing only 2 per cent of worldwide recorded music sales (Toynbee, 2007). Bob Marley was ultimately to surface as the first reggae superstar, even though the Wailers’ success created conflicts within the group. Prior to the third album, Natty Dread which was released in 1974, Livingston and Tosh were refusing to go on another exhausting tour of the United States and Britain (Hebdige, 1990). Bob Marley revised the line-up for the 1975 tour. He hired musicians and added a female backing group which came to be known as the I-Threes. He toured Africa, Europe, and North America over the next few years. He even produced a live album called the Wailers Live and three other LPs for Island Records, namely, Rastaman Vibration, Exodus and Kaya. During his final years, he gained the respect of not only his fellow Jamaicans but also of other music critics and audiences the world over (Hebdige, 1990). In the year 1976, the album entitled Rastaman Vibration broke into the hit charts in America (Hebdige, 1990). For most people, the aforementioned album was yet the most obvious display of the man’s beliefs and music. The worldwide success received by this album strengthened the increasing political importance of Bob Marley in his native town wherein his Rastafarian views reverberated clearly among the ghetto youth. As a gesture of thanksgiving to his fellow Jamaicans, he made a decision to stage a free concert at the National Heroes Park in Kingston scheduled on the 5th day of December 1976 (Moskowitz, 2007). The concert was intended to stress the need for peace in the city slums where rival groups have caused murder and chaos. He became a major target for politically motivated violence because of his fame. Shortly following the announcement of the concert, the government declared a December 20th election (Hebdige, 1990). It signaled another ghetto war. Before the scheduled concert, armed men forced an entry into the house of Bob Marley and fired a gun at him. Unfortunately, it was just an attempted assassination. For a while, he thought about whether or not to push through with the concert. Nonetheless, he came out on stage on the scheduled date in defiance of his would-be assassins. Right after the concert, he left his native country for London. He then settled on the English city and recorded another album (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). His fellow Jamaican artists have taken advantage of the interest in roots reggae which the man has inspired. Groups like the Burning Spear and Culture, the Third World, the Gladiators as well as the Mighty Diamonds have all toured outside of their native country attracted a huge following among young white rock fanatics (Hebdige, 1990). Bunny Livingston and Peter Tosh have both gone on to produce successful solo hits, and they have refused to stay at a far distance from their musical roots. On Tosh’s albums entitled Equal Rights and Legalise It, his audience saw a man who is just as angry as he was back in the old Wailers days when he penned the songs such as Get up, Stand up and 400 Years. On the other hand the Blackheart Man album of Bunny Livingston was his tribute to his fellow Rastas. Both Livingston and Tosh’s albums sold well in the United States and Europe. Tosh even conquered his distaste of touring when he visited Britain way back in 1979. Even Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus, whose music is based on conventional Rasta drumming have toured Britain and played before a white audience (Hebdige, 1990). All of the aforementioned achievements are in the end, owed to the larger success of the man himself. However, part of the reason why his music reached soaring heights is that his musical compositions are basically pleasant-sounding. His brand of music is forever sweet sounding although the lyrics contain critical commentaries about the colonial system. Similar to the calypso artists, he knew how to convey his message across behind a lilting refrain. It is the classic Caribbean package of harsh social criticism concealed in a easy-sounding and uplifting rhythm. He was effectively causing the Western world dance to the rhythm of the prophecies of their own fall (Hebdige, 1990). With the kind of violent society that Bob Marley had surfaced from and rose above, his death seems quite a cruel stroke of fate. It was in the year 1977 when the doctors surgically removed a portion of his toe which had been wounded in a soccer game (Moskowitz, 2007). The doctors found a cancerous lump on his toe. In 1980, while jogging at Central Park, he suddenly collapsed. When he was brought to the hospital, the doctors discovered that the cancer has already spread to other parts of his body. In less than a year later, he succumbed to death. He was all of 36 years old at that time. Even though he died young, the heartbeat reggae rhythms of the vast amount of songs he made have endured. The legend of Bob Marley has transcended the years. Furthermore, his music and charismatic persona has effected a transformation to his native country. On the 21st day of May 1981, Bob Marley was laid to his final resting place with full state honors. In a great paradox, considering the loathed position that Rastafarians and their music once has in Jamaica, One Love, the antiwar reggae song of Bob Marley was adapted by the country’s tourist board as a theme song. In the mean time, his music kept on finding its audience. Garnering sales which amounted to over 10 million in the United States alone, the Legend best of covering the Island Records days from 1972 until 1981 is still the best-selling record of a Jamaican artist and the best-selling reggae album of all time (Moskowitz, 2007). This man’s influence in the music scene during his lifetime and even after is certainly extraordinary. Together with his band, he has sold over 21 million starting in 1991 (Moskowitz, 2007). The figures have not been collected until after 10 years has passed since the time of his death. Moreover, he was bestowed with the Jamaican Order of Merit, received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, became a Rock and Roll Hall of Famer, and was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Moskowitz, 2007). Apart from the aforementioned and all the other awards he has received during his lifetime and even after his death, the real measure of his worth is time itself. He was long gone. Nonetheless, his music is still as relevant, remarkable and popular as it was at the time it was initially released in the market. The hypnotic and loping beats of reggae music bear a distinct signature which climbed to the 1970s music scene on the forefront, primarily through the music of Bob Marley and his band under the Tuff and Island recording labels. The songs they made, particularly the ones included in the Rastaman and Natty Dread albums remain to be the landmarks of reggae that served as the voice of the disfranchised and poverty-stricken Jamaicans and, by extension, to the people of the world. Through his music, Bob Marley was able to fill them with dignity and pride of heritage, no matter how sad real life seems to be. Furthermore, his reggae music hits gave rhythmic boost which has what he prefers to call â€Å"positive vibrations† to those who listen to them. No matter how his sound was perceived, be it the dance music with a strong political undertone or political music fit for dancing, the music of Bob Marley is a powerful remedy for difficult times. References Frith, S. , Straw, W. , Street, J. (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hebdige, D. (1990). Cut ‘n’ Mix: Culture, Identity, and Caribbean Music. New York: Routledge. Moskowitz, D. V. (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. California: Greenwood Publishing Group. Stephens, G. (1999). On Racial Frontiers: The New Culture of Frederick Douglas, Ralph Ellison, and Bob Marley. New York: Cambridge University Press. Toynbee, J. (2007). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World? Cambridge: Polity.

An Analysis of Mending Wall Essay -- Mending Wall Essays

An Analysis of Mending Wall Robert Frost once said that "Mending Wall" was a poem that was spoiled by being applied. What did he mean by "applied"? Any poem is damaged by being misunderstood, but that's the risk all poems run. What Frost objects to, I think, is a reduction and distortion of the poem through practical use. When President John F. Kennedy inspected the Berlin Wall he quoted the poem's first line: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall." His audience knew what he meant and how the quotation applied. And on the other side of that particular wall, we can find another example of how the poem has been used. Returning from a visit to Russia late in his life, Frost said, "The Russians reprinted 'Mending Wall' over there, and left that first line off." He added wryly, "I don't see how they got the poem started." What the Russians needed, and so took, was the poem's other detachable statement: "Good fences make good neighbors." They applied what they wanted. "I could've done better for them, probably ," Frost said, "for the generality, by saying: Something there is that doesn't love a wall, Something there is that does. "Why didn't I say that?" Frost asked rhetorically. "I didn't mean that. I meant to leave that until later in the poem. I left it there." "Mending Wall" famously contains these two apparently conflicting statements. One begins the poem, the other ends it, and both are repeated twice. Which are we supposed to believe? What does Frost mean? "The secret of what it means I keep," he said. Of course he was being cagey, but not without reason. At a reading given at the Library of Congress in 1962 Frost told this anecdote: In England, two or three years ago, Graham Greene said to me... ...ating a similar moment each time it is encountered. Works Cited and Consulted Barry, Elaine. Robert Frost. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1973. Robert Frost. â€Å"Mending Wall.† Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. p106-107. Gerber, Philip L. Robert Frost. Ed. Kenneth Eble. Boston: Twayne Publishers. 1982. 124-125 Lentricchia, Frank. Robert Frost: Modern Poetics and the Landscape of Self. Durham: Duke University Press. 1975. 103-107. Zverev, A. A Lover's Quarrel with the World: Robert Frost. 20th Century American Literature: A Soviet View. Translated by Ronald Vroon. Progress Publishers. 1976. 241-260. Rpt. in World Literature Criticism. Vol. 2. Ed. James P. Draper. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. 1992. 1298-1299.

Literature Paper Essay

Sophocles two plays, namely the AD 6717-658 Oedipus the King as well as the 658-693 Antigone, are dominated by elements of conflict – both external and internal. The external conflict involves two persons with opposing viewpoints being engaged in a physical or philosophical confrontation. On the other hand, the internal cases of conflict occur when certain individuals in the 2 plays encounter dilemmas regarding doing things that their consciences counsel against. Further, the playwright describes various characters handling the conflicting situations in a variety of ways. For example, some characters just choose to give in, become complicit, and do the things that their consciences advise against. A notable example of this phenomenon in Oedipus the King is Queen Jocasta’s action of bowing to King Laius’ (her husband’s) pressure and thus giving away the young Oedipus to be disposed off. Likewise, in Antigone, Ismene depicts the same behavior of allowing outside pressure to adversely influence her conscience-led aspirations. To this end, Ismene refuses to join efforts with Antigone – her defiant sister – in burying Polyneices – the 2 sisters’ departed brother. Conversely, the 2 plays contain cases whereby physical person-to-person conflicts arise. For instance, in Antigone, Creon – Thebe’s ruler – holds viewpoints that conflict with those of Haemon – Creon’s son. To illustrate, when Creon detains and intends to murder Antigone – Haemon’s fiance – son and father are at loggerheads. The situation deteriorates to the extent of father and son insulting one another. Haemon angrily leaves, promising that he will never come back. Similarly, in Oedipus the King, King Oedipus becomes conflicted with prophet Tiresias because Tiresias is experiencing an internal sort of conflict. The prophet is aware that telling King Oedipus the truth about who killed King Laius would yield no good results. On the other hand, King Oedipus is very intent on ascertaining the true identity of Lauis’ killer, not knowing that Oedipus himself killed Laius. The conflict between the 2 personalities pushes them to exchange harsh words. This conflict is resolved when Tiresias utters the definitive paradox that Laius was indeed killed by his (Laius’) son. All in all, through the two plays – Antigone and Oedipus the King, playwright Sophocles describes both external and external cases of conflict, with the conflicts being resolved to the detriment of a certain individual. To begin with, Queen Jocasta’s conflict regarding either disposing off or saving the life of Oedipus – her son – ends with the infant son being disadvantaged when he is disposed off. The hopeless Oedipus passes from the hands of Jocasta, to a servant, to a lowly shepherd and eventually to a King’s palace. Through such transition, the baby encounters various hardships. Firstly, he risks being killed and then spends some time out in the open fields where he is exposed to the elements. Further, it is notable that the shepherd who eventually passes Oedipus on to King Polybus has no means of keeping and raising the condemned child. Jocasta’s indecisiveness when she faces the internal conflict of either saving or killing Oedipus thus causes the son immense problems. In this case, Sophocles describes a conflict being resolved to the detriment of a particular personality – Oedipus. In a similar version, in Antigone, Sophocles describes Antigone’s conflict as resulting in a string of misfortunes. After Creon the King unjustly orders that Polyneices should be ignored regarding proper burial, with Eteocles being accorded a fitting send-off, Antigone – Polyneices’ sister – becomes mentally conflicted. Antigone immediately detects Creon’s partiality in ordering for this obviously discriminative treatment. She thus cannot demonstrate complicity by adhering to Creon’s unjust edict. The determined girl therefore opts to secretly accord Polyneices a proper burial. By doing this, Antigone risks being put to death as indicated by Creon’s directive. She however gallantly carries on with her plan and even boldly defending her decisions before the King. Related to Antigone’s mental conflict is Ismene’s dilemma whereby she has to choose to either stand by Antigone or obey Creon’s controversial decree. By adhering to the directives that Creon has issued, Ismene will in effect be betraying Polyneices – her brother. Conversely, by deciding to join Antigone in properly burying Polyneices, Ismene will be showing sisterly responsibility to her departed brother as well as to Antigone. In addition, Ismene risks being put to death as per Creon’s orders should she go by Antigone’s bold decision. Eventually, Ismene shies away and avoids going by Antigone’s plans. On her part, Antigone boldly accords Polyneices a proper send-off, thus attracting Creon’s wrath. Ultimately, the 2 sisters find themselves behind bars, with Ismene being a sort of martyr since she did not participate in Antigone’s defiant actions. It is at this point that Antigone faces another conflict when Ismene offers to suffer the consequences of Antigone’s actions. Antigone is aware that it would be unjust to allow Ismene suffer the same fate as Antigone. Although outside pressure eventually forces Creon to let the 2 girls walk free, the conflict that Ismene and Antigone face is resolved with disastrous results. Further, the decision that Antigone makes because of being mentally conflicted serves to make Creon’s son – Haemon – to also become conflicted. To illustrate, after Creon puts Antigone in prison, intending to kill the girl, Haemon intervenes, trying to persuade Creon to let the girl walk away. Haemon does this because he is an intimate friend to Antigone. He thus cannot allow his father to kill Antigone owing to the love that Haemon has for Antigone. It is worth noting that Haemon is in a tight spot when he approaches Creon, persuading the King to let Antigone go away. This is because Haemon risks being branded a traitor or someone who demonstrates insubordination towards the King. On the other hand, should Haemon decide to keep quiet, allowing the King to do as he wills with Antigone, Haemon will demonstrate lack of commitment towards Antigone. Son and father thus confront each other because they hold varying viewpoints about the incarceration of Antigone. Again, Sophocles describes a person-to-person conflict being resolved in a negative way. After Haemon and Creon hurl insults at each other, Haemon walks away, promising that he will never come back. True to his words, Haemon commits suicide. Likewise, through the Oedipus the King play, Sophocles describes the shepherd who witnessed King Laius’ murder as well as Oedipus as being conflicted both externally and internally. For instance, King Oedipus desires to know every detail of his (Oedipus’) childhood. On the other hand, the shepherd is aware that should he become aware of his past, Oedipus will only experience pain. The shepherd thus only gives certain details of Oedipus childhood after which he begs to be allowed to stop the narration. By doing this, the shepherd seeks to shield Oedipus from the pain that will inevitably result when the King learns of his (the King’s) past. Such good intentions are however misunderstood by Oedipus as the shepherd’s demonstration of insubordination. Consequently, Oedipus threatens the shepherd with death should he hold back any information from the King. The shepherd is thus deeply conflicted. He is very sure that when Oedipus learns the truth about Oedipus’ lineage, the King will surely be gravely hurt. Out of fear for his life, the shepherd finally explains all the details about Oedipus life. Consequently, the King becomes distraught. Further, the Queen commits suicide, after which Oedipus gorges out both his eyes and goes into self-imposed exile. Once more, Sophocles describes the conflict between the shepherd and King Oedipus as being resolved in a bad manner as it results in the deaths of Queen Jocasta and the self-imposed exile of King Oedipus. In conclusion, though his 2 plays – Oedipus the King and Antigone – playwright Sophocles describes numerous instances whereby various characters are conflicted either externally or internally. One notable case of mental conflict in Antigone is the instance when Antigone has to choose to either remain loyal to Polyneices – her brother – or obey Creon’s dictatorial decree. Conversely, the instance when Creon and Haemon exchange bitter words denotes external conflict. On the other hand, in Oedipus the King, Jocasta’s indecision regarding whether to dispose off or save Oedipus represents internal conflict. The shepherd and Oedipus’ confrontation demonstrates external conflict. Further, all the conflicts that are presented in both Oedipus the King as well as in Antigone are resolved in ways that harm certain characters.

The Goal Of Trio Student Support Services At Pulaski...

On January 12, 1965, during his education message to Congress, President Lyndon B. Johnson conveyed that in order to strengthen our country, we needed to provide more higher education opportunities for lower and middle income families, and on November 8, 1965, the Higher Education Act became law. The first three programs established under the new Higher Education Act were, Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Student support services. Together this â€Å"Trio† of federally funded programs encouraged access to higher education for low income students. Currently, there are eight programs administered under the Higher Education Act that target to serve and assist low income individuals, first-generation college students, and individuals with disabilities to progress through the academic pipeline from middle school to post baccalaureate programs. The purpose of this Evaluation is to justify the necessity and validity of the Trio Student Support Services at Pulaski Technical College and the impact it has upon the community. The goal of TRIO Student Support Services is to help participants have a successful college experience and achieve their academic and personal goals. The program serves 180 Pulaski Tech students who qualify for services. Students must be first-generation college students (neither parent has a baccalaureate degree), meet income requirements based on family size and/or have a documented disability. The Identification/recruitment process for the TRIO StudentShow MoreRelatedTeaching Skills Offered Through The Admissions, Academic Advising, Or But Financial Aid Processes819 Words   |  4 Pagesadmissions, academic advising, or even financial aid processes. Within this service, the students have a counselor that they know that can steer them in the right direction and can answer any questions they may have during their undergraduate college career. Study Skills Another service offered to the TRIO students are Study Skills. As first generation college students, some of the TRIO students are not coming to college straight out of High School and sometimes maybe they didn’t finish High school