The Decline Of The Plague - 1947 Words

In 14th century Europe during its medieval period there was a pandemic that killed many people all over Europe and Asia called the Black Death. This disease spread fast with the increasing trade between all the people in Europe through its complex system of trade routes. At this time everybody was unsure on where the plague came from. The plague was affecting both the packed urban areas and the rural areas of Europe as well. Without knowledge of sanitation and medicine this spread rapidly and many people were affected by the plague. The period before the plague was very important to medieval Europe. It was times of prosper for the majority of Europe. There was an increase in trade and agriculture and communication with the inhabitants.†¦show more content†¦Where food was not being produced to due to cold to supply Europe with food (Cole and Symes 355). Modern scholars and historians believed that the plague began in china, and then spread to the Crimean Where the Chinese’s traders exchange goods and silk with European merchants. At the same time European ships where in the dock of caffa when the Mongolian army introduce the plague when they raided the port city. Which were trekking across Europe taking advantage of the weak East Asians and Europeans cities. The bubonic plague called the Black Death began in the borderland region between India, China and Burma in the Himalayan foothills. It began to appear in China about 1330 CE and reached the Crimeas port of Caffa in 1346 CE . then traveling fro m the flea infested rats on the merchant vassals. It spread From the Crimea port of Caffa on the black sea, the plague travelled to Constantinople and Sicily in the year 1347 CE, Egypt and Syria in 1348 CE, and spread to the rest of Europe the following years (Pamuk 293). The bacteria Yersinia pestis is present in infected rats and other rodents and is transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea. However the flea that is infected by the plague regurgitates the bacteria into human’s blood stream. When the human is infected the bacteria is carried by the lymphatic system to the lymph node closest to the bit. Those affected are marked by enlarged lymph glands and

Self Harm Depression And Alcohol Abuse Essay - 1316 Words

Self-harm, or parasuicide, is a deliberate injury inflicted upon oneself. Unfortunately, it is an issue primarily found in the younger population. Since it is difficult to clinically follow-up these cohorts due to their chaotic nature and constant geographic mobility (Sinclair, Hawton Gray, p. 247), the long-term consequences of an episode of self-harm are not well-known. In this paper, I will summarize the findings of researchers Sinclair, Hawton and Gray who found that the patients admitted in the hospital due to self-harm, after six years, have significantly higher mortality, higher morbidity and lower quality of life compared to the general population (p. 250). Moreover, I will elaborate my own one-year therapy plan that will be focused on tackling the main issues that contribute to the comorbidity of self-harm: depression and alcohol abuse. Lastly, I will look at another possible treatment involving community reinforcement. To start, Sinclair et al. conducted a study that follo wed an original cohort composed of a â€Å"representative sample of [150] self-harm patients presenting to one hospital in the UK.† The researchers gathered data on three occasions: first, at the entry to the study, then, after twelve to eighteen months, and finally, six years later. In order to track the participants, Sinclair et al. used the National Health Registers. Then, they contacted all living patients, inviting them to their follow-up study, and used primary and secondary case notes for theShow MoreRelatedAn Article On Self Harm Patients1301 Words   |  6 Pagessome feel that the best way to cope with these difficulties is by self-injury. It is a way that they believe makes them escape or feel better and it may seem wrong, but it’s important to understand what leads them to such extent and how we can solve it. This term paper will be analysing an article that follow a clinical sample of self-harm patients in a duration of 6 years to understand death from sui cide, how many times they self-harm themselves as well as their quality of life. As well as discussingRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse On The Body991 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse has become a growing problem in the U.S. today. Even though alcohol prevents certain illness and extends life, alcohol abuse needs to be controlled before it gets to out of hand because it has many negative effects on a person’s body, it can cause harm to children mentally and physically, and not only affects the person drinking it but the people around them. Alcohol abuse has many negative effects on the body. One way it affects the body is through the heartRead MoreAlcohol Abuse : A Continuous Pattern Of Drinking1185 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol abuse (305.00) is a continuous pattern of drinking that ends up harming your health, personal relationships or even being to work. It is also to be linked up to suicide. They say the risk of suicide is higher in older men who suffer from depression and have a history of drinking. Alcohol abuse adds to failure to report to work or be able to do your specific duties or responsibilities that need to be performed even at school, or home. Also leads to dangerous activities like drinking and drivingRead MoreThe Number Of Child Abuse1593 Words   |  7 PagesTable of contents List of tables and figures Figure1.the number of child abuse from 2009 to 2014 in Australia Figure2.the percentage of child abuse in different types Figure3. percentages of who experienced fear and/or anxiety emotional abuse by sex Abstract The issue of child abuse happen all over the world. Why are the case of child abuse increasing in recent years in Australia? This report aims to explain causes, effects and recommendations. 1 Introduction Read MoreHealth And Performance Effects Of Alcohol Use By Intercollegiate / Varsity Athletes1232 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the health and performance effects of alcohol use by intercollegiate / Varsity athletes? Alcohol is the most commonly used recreational drug globally and its consumption, often in large volume, is deeply embedded in many aspects of Western society . It is used by members of all societies in countries around the world, either consumed moderately or in excess. University is a place in one’s life when those who have just finished secondary school go to experience a higher quality of educationRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression And Its Effects On Society1266 Words   |  6 Pagesages will be affected by depression? Depression is a mood disorder caused by an overwhelming feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It has a negative effect on how one goes through their day to day activities. Depression is more than just having a â€Å"bad day†, it is a serious mental disorder that can harm people’s lives. The causes of depression are widely ranged. The debate between if depression comes from a nature vs nurture environment is highly looked into. Depression is backed up and proven byRead MoreRisk Factors of Teenage Suicide1217 Words   |  5 Pagesstatistics prove that this is not necessarily true. Although some teenage suicides may be the result of youthful and impulsive actions, certain risk factors, signs, and symptoms can contribute to self-inflicted death in adolescents. For instance, the gender of a teenager plays a role in their overall risk of self-inflicted death. A recent study shows the suicide rates of teenage boys as being fifty-seven out of a million, but the teenage girl suicide rate came in at a much lesser fourteen out of a millionRead MoreAn Exploration Of Cyberbullying Problems And Why You Should Be Concerned?1323 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing it too, or they have been the victim before. Theses beatdowns of abuse can take a toll on the victim. The victim could start a eating disorder, self-harming, push away people, and worst case scenario is suicide. Even the bully will have bad effects from their actions such as guilt, regret, and trauma. The effects of cyberbullying are horrific and it should be stopped. One of these effects are low self-esteem. Low self-esteem is when you think poorly of yourself. According to End To Cyberbullying’sRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1351 Words   |  6 Pages CHILD ABUSE By Anastasiya Drevinskiy Child Development and Learning in Cultural Context /EdPs 620/ Professor Jerry Gissinger Spring 2016 What is child abuse? From the word â€Å"abuse† we can understand that it is some sort of a maltreatment of a child, causing harm and damage both to his physical and psychological well-being. At the Federal level, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) describes child abuse and neglect as: â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parentRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Mental Health976 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation. The use of alcohol abuse is usually associated with one or two other psychological disorders. There are many people who have outside issues as well such as physical abuse, antisocial, and sexual abuse. Their motivation to get out of being homeless is usually poor because of poor motivation, no support system, and depression. Substance abuse can be attributed to about fifty percent of the homeless population. Homeless individuals are three times more likely to have alcohol-use disorder compared

Public Shame is Effective free essay sample

Public shame can teach someone a valuable lesson. In the NFL, the Miami Dolphins had an incident where a player quit do to the fact that he was being harassed by one of his teammates. In defense, the other player stated that it was just locker room talk; however, this bullying also took place over text. The player is now being publicly disgraced for being raciest and harassing one of his teammates. In doing so, it makes him learn his lesson on what he has done and suffer the consequences of his actions since now everyone refers to him as a bully. In reading the two essays â€Å"Condemn the Crime, Not the Person,† by June Tangney and â€Å"Shame Is Worth a Try,† by Dan M. Kahan people will see both sides of public shame. The essay that does not support this claim is the one that was written by June Tangney. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Shame is Effective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In contrast, the essay written by Dan M. Kahan supports this claim by stating how it can be an effective form of punishment. It can be argued that public shaming is an efficient form of punishment for minor crime offenders do to the feeling of public humiliation and loss of self-worth act as a deterrent. Public shaming can be an efficient form of punishment and should be embraced. It is a judicial punishment imposed on a convicted criminal that includes humiliation instead of imprisonment. June Tangney in her essay writes, â€Å"A number of social commentators have urged America to embrace public shaming and stigmatization as cheaper and effective alternatives for curbing a broad range of nonviolent crimes† (Tangney 570). This is true; it is a much less expensive form a punishment, for incarceration costs are escalating. Also, public shaming is a great way to have nonviolent crimes dealt with in an efficient manner. People do not want to be publicly shamed for it ruins their reputation. If someone had to drive with a bumper sticker saying they got a DUI, they will be mortified because everyone who sees them is going to look down upon them. Public shame is meant for minor crimes only as in a DUI or a guy soliciting prostitutes. When people are publicly shamed they are looked down on in society which causes them to be humiliated. Humiliation is one of the key factors in public shaming. It is what makes this form of punishment so effective. Humiliation is the emotion someone feels when their social status has decreased. Shame is private when someone feels as if they have done something wrong. Public shame is when others now know of the crime in which a person has committed which then causes a loss of stature or image. Kahan mentions in his essay about â€Å"A series of studies by Harold Grasmick, a sociologist at the University of Oklahoma, suggests that the prospect of public disgrace exerts greater pressure to comply with the law than does the threat of imprisonment and other formal punishments† (Kahan 576). People do not want to be humiliated for it will break down their self-worth. With using the technique of public shame it would cause humiliation which would make the criminal conform to the law, for they do not want to keep being looked down upon in society. Some may seem their reputation as one of the most important aspects in their life. By having their reputation messed with, it will soon make them have a loss of self-worth. They will feel as if they are not even a person in society. Tangney mentions a good point on how humiliation may cause this feeling, â€Å"Such humiliation is typically accompanied by a sense of shrinking of being small, worthless, and powerless, and by a sense of being exposed† (Tangney 570). By having someone feel not apart in society they certainly would learn their lesson. If the criminal feels as if they are not a part of society and only looked down upon, they will certainly not want to commit the crime again. After all, they lost the respect that they once did have. People depend on their reputation for their everyday lives, for instance, their job. As mentioned before, the Dolphin football player is now looked down upon, for everyone in the media is referring to him as a bully, which may ruin his career and have the Dolphins not want him on the team next season. Of course however, public shaming is not meant for every crime. Public shaming is not appropriate for every crime. Reason being, society does not want a man who murdered someone to just be punished with public disgrace, it is unsafe. Public shame is for minor crimes such as, drunken driving, nonaggravated assaults, embezzlement, small-scale drug distribution, larceny, and more, that would usually just receive some short imprisonment time. Kahan makes a good point about how many of these crimes take up most of prison, â€Å"There’s obviously no alternative to imprisonment for murders, rapists, and other violent criminals. But they make up less than half the American prison population† (Kahan 575). Many of these minor crimes that are imprisoned are just taking up a lot of room, and not as cheap as public shaming. By making this the punishment for all these crimes, it will save money, make space for far worse criminals, and it would have a serious effect on the person who committed this minor crime. They will feel as if they are an outcast in society, by having everyone know what they did will make them not ever want to commit the crime again because they will never want to put themselves in that situation again. Nevertheless, some may see public shaming as an ineffective and unfair punishment to do. Tangney argues that it does not motivate constructive changes in behavior. Also, shaming someone often makes them more likely to repeat their crime. However, if the criminal ever wants to feel a part of society again then they will most likely not commit the crime again. She also mentions that shame brings in the feelings of guilt, and to stop someone from having a bad defective behavior is by helping them feel as if they are helping society by doing community service to relieve the guilt of their past crime. On the contrary, it is as if the criminal can just pay off their crime by doing some community service. That does not stop them from doing it again. By shaming someone it will be imbedded in their brain that it is frowned upon in society. Also, Kahan brings up a good point, â€Å"Those who served prison time are also a lot less likely to regain the respect and trust of their law-abiding neighbors†¦Given all this, it’s hard to see shame as cruel† (Kahan 576). Shame clearly is not as humiliating as imprisonment. Neighbors will soon forget the crimes that were just publicly shamed, but most likely will not forget if you served jail time. Furthermore, to publicly shame a criminal is an efficient way to punish them for their crime. Public shaming promotes humiliation and loss of self-worth, but that is what makes it so effective. It makes the crime offender to never want to be put in this position is society again. It is humiliating, but to be imprisoned is even more. Public shaming should only be meant for minor crimes. Minor crimes make up most of the prison population; it could really save money by using public degrade as the form of punishment instead. It would also allow for more prison space for more serious crimes. Overall, public shame allows someone to realize the crime they committed is looked down upon, and makes them feel like an outcast, in doing so making them not want to commit the crime again. People do not want to feel worthless, and not a part in society. Public shame should be enforced in our society and will really benefit people in the long run. Work Cited

Supply Chain Management Global Market

Question: Discuss about theSupply Chain Managementfor Global Market. Answer: Introduction: Supply chain management focuses on analysing movement of products for ensuring all the requirements of the market fulfilled in an appropriate manner (Christopher, 2016). With the increasing competition in the global market, organizations have focused on formulating logistic management strategies for sustaining its position in the market. In this study, the focus would be one of the prime computer hardware providing organizations namely Supermicro. The study will focus on evaluating entire order management procedure of Supermicrofor fulfilling the requirements of the customers. The study would also analyze the investment management procedure of the organization to reduce issues associated with the waste management procedure. Background of the Organization: Charles Liang founded Supermicro in the year of 1993 with the focus of providing superior types of computer hardware products across the globe. Supermicroalso has enhanced its specialization in providing power supplies, networking and storage system equipments for grabbing the major share of the market. Presently, headquarter of Supermicrois based on San Jose California of USA (supermicro.com, 2017). From the beginning, Supermicrohas always tried to initiate effective strategies for achieving competitive advantage in the market. Presently, Supermicrohas to face immense competition from the organizations like Concurrent computers, Cray Inc, Fitbit Inc and Omnicell Inc in sustaining its position in the global market. For that reason, it has also has tried to include advance technology solutions for providing maximum support to the customers. Moreover, organizations like Apple and HP has able to set the trend in the computer hardware equipments globally. Therefore, Supermicrois to estab lish its presence in the global market, it has focused on developing effective supply management strategies. In fact, Supermicro also have focused on evaluating different departments including production, marketing and financial department for handling all the business activities appropriately. It has also focused on developing specific strategies related to inventory management for minimizing the possibility of waste in the operational process. The Interfaces: According to Islam et al. (2013), using pattern of supply chain network also can influence business activities of other departments as well. Specifically, globalization has made supply chain process of the organizations extremely complex, which also has influenced other departments like production, marketing and finance to change their activity accordingly. The impacts of Supermicros supply chain management on other departments are as follows: Production: As per the article by Stadtler (2015), efficient use of supply chain management can ensure required amount of raw materials reach to all the production facilities consistently. Now, Supermicro produce networking and computer hardware equipments that require specific superior quality of raw materials. Otherwise, the provided quality of the hardware or networking products will not able to satisfy the customers effectively. Furthermore, effective supply chain management would allow organizations to maintain the quality of raw materials, as it would develop strong relationship with distributors. As a result, it would help production unit of Supermicro in maintaining its produced quality continuously. On the other hand, supply chain management can create direct impact on the distribution cost. Therefore, if Supermicro can able to reduce the distribution cost, it would allow manufacturing unit to reduce direct sales and overhead cost in a major way. It has been assessed that Supermicro tri ed to utilize advance technologies for reducing the required lead-time in a major way (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). Furthermore, effective utilization of supply chain require well-developed organizational structure, which would also help production unit to maintain strong coordination with other departments. For that reason, it has helped Supermicro to fulfil all the business activities within the given timeframe. Marketing: As highlighted by Fawcett, Ellram and Ogden (2014) supply chain management can also have huge impact on the marketing activities of the organizations. It has been assessed that effective utilization of supply chain management can allow organizations to provide required amount of products at the desired destination effectively. As a result, it helps organizations to increase the convenience level of the customers. On the other hand, one of the prime objectives of marketing department is to increase the sales volume of the provided products and services in a major way. Now, higher convenience will increase the satisfaction level of the customers, which will eventually create positive impact on the overall sales volume. Therefore, if Supermicro can able to initiate proper logistics management strategies, it would definitely help marketing team in fulfilling their aims and objectives. Moreover, supply chain network also play crucial role in returning diffective products from the customer s in a short period of time (Schnsleben, 2016). Therefore, if Supermicro can able to reduce the required time for providing the right product to the right customers, it will help to enhance the sales volume in a major way. Thus, effective utilization of supply chain management is necessary for providing assistance to the marketing department in fulfilling their goals and objectives. Finance and Accounting: As opined by Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani (2016) logistics and supply chain management also can have major impact on the financial performance of the organizations. It has been assessed that effective utilization of supply chain management will allow Supermicro to provide optimum amount of products to the customers. As a result, it would help Supermicro to reduce the waiting the time of the customers in a major way. Moreover, effective use of supply chain management will allow Supermicro to eliminate all the intermediaries in an effective way. As a result, it would help financial department to keep track of all the activities associated with supply chain procedure in a much easier way. Order Cycle: It has been assessed that organizations like Supermicro will have to deal with huge number of customers for fulfilling all the business objectives effectively. For that reason, it had to systematic order supply process for providing right amount of products to the right place at the right time. Now, order supply process of Supermicro desired as follows: Figure 1: Order cycle (Source: Fernie Sparks, 2014) From the above figure, it can be assessed that supply chain management process of Supermicro can has three components including manufactures, retailers and distributors. It has been assessed that distributors and manufacturers of Supermicro collaborate to fulfil the requirements of each placed orders. However, the logistic chain begins from supply of raw materials for developing proper computer hardware and networking products. Supermicro has focused on developing long-term relationship with all the suppliers in order to maintain the quality of raw materials at the desired order (Tayur, Ganeshan Magazine, 2012). Moreover, it also has focused on providing specific benefits to all the suppliers for ensuring the required amount of raw materials are present at all the time. As highlighted by Dyckhoff, Lackes and Reese (2013) ordering cycle of Supermicro has different steps, which allow organizations to fulfil all the requirements effectively. Firstly, order cycle of Supermicro focuses on tracking the placement of orders from the different geographical areas. It allow Supermicro to assess the amount of product need to be delivered at different locations. Moreover, it also helps Supermicro to assess the present trend of the market regarding specific products and services. Secondly, Supermicro focuses on receiving the orders from customers. This step is essential for confirming the sales of that particular unit. Moreover, confirmation provides customers to become more relax, as they will receive the desired product within the given timeframe. Thirdly, Supermicro focuses on processing the order from inventory department for ensuring right amount product would be provided at the given period of time. For that reason, Supermicro has tried to develop strong li nk up between inventory department and distributors so that it do not have to wait for processing the products. Thus, it actually would help Supermicro to reduce the required lead-time in an appropriate manner. Fourthly, credit department focuses on verifying the processed products in order to ensure right products will be delivered to right destination. Moreover, it also focuses on assessing the amount of products have to be delivered within near future (Coyle et al., 2016). As a result, it allows organization to manufacture required amount of products in an effective manner. Fifthly, Supermicro focuses on shipping the products to specific retail outlets so that customers can purchase without facing any difficulties. As a global organization, Supermicro has tried to utilize different transportation tools for ensuring required amount of products has been delivered to the desired destination. Finally, Supermicro also has focused on collecting back the products from the customers in c ase of any complaints regarding improper functioning. Here, Supermicro try to provide replacement to the customers with 24 hours time limit so that satisfaction level of the customers remain at the optimum level. Inventory Management: As per the article by Waters and Rinsler (2014) effective utilization of inventory management strategies are crucial for maintaining the profit level at the desired rate. For that reason, Supermicro has focused on developing inventory management strategies carefully so that it can fulfil all the business objectives. For instance, it has focused on reducing the amount of obsolete products in order to ensure the cost required for operational process remains at the optimum level. For that reason, it has focused on introducing new advanced technologies warehousing management system in the inventory management procedure. Supermicro also has used all these advanced technologies to maintain continues track of all the products. It has also focused on developing strong relationship with the distributors so that they select right product to take out from the inventory process. For that reason, it has allowed Supermicro to achieve success in maintaining the profit level at the desired rate. Mor eover, it has also focused on utilizing requirements planning for handling all the challenges associated with the inventory management procedure. It has been assessed that Supermicro has made a conscious effort in managing the inventory level effectively. However, there is still scope for improvement for Supermicro, which will allow the organization to achieve competitive advantage in the market. For instance, Supermicro can focus on using systematic procedure for handling all the responsibilities associated with inventory management. Firstly, Supermicro would have to focus on fastening the supplier lead-time, which will help to reduce cost related inventory process. Moreover, it would also help Supermicro to follow quick replenishment model. Secondly, Supermicro needs to focus on eliminating all the obsolete products from the stock. As a result, it would help Supermicro to simplify inventory management procedure in an effective manner. It has been assessed that with time different networking and computer hardware products become defected or obsolete (Sarkis, 2012). Therefore, keeping track of all these defected products will not add value to the inventory management procedure. For that reason, it is necessary to eliminate all the obsolete products immediately. Thirdly, Supermicro will have to focus on optimizing order size and frequency of purchase in order to have an idea about the future demand. Therefore, it would help Supermicro in formulating strategies for handling all the future challenges related to inventory management. Fourthly, Supermicro needs to focus on centralizing the inventory control so that it can handle all the requirements effectively (Beske, 2012). Now, advanced technologies are required for utilizing centralized system in dealing with inventory management perspective. Now, Supermicro has already initiated different software applications for handling inventory activities. Thus, it needs to focus on multi-echelon planning models for handling all the requirements in an efficient way. Conclusion: The above discussion has highlighted the fact that supply chain management plays an important role in providing higher profit level to the organizations. The study has highlighted the fact that Supermicro has focused on covering all possible aspect related to supply chain procedure for delivering right product at the right time. It has also highlighted the fact that effective utilization of supply chain concept can also help organizations to provide support to other business departments. Specifically, supply chain management can help production, marketing and finance department to fulfil their objectives in an effective way. Moreover, it has also highlighted the significance of maintaining proper inventory management procedure for fulfilling all the requirements related supply chain concept. References: Beske, P. (2012). Dynamic capabilities and sustainable supply chain management.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,42(4), 372-387. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Coyle, J. J., Langley, C. J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B. (2016).Supply chain management: a logistics perspective. Nelson Education. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R., Reese, J. (Eds.). (2013).Supply chain management and reverse logistics. Springer Science Business Media. Fawcett, S. E., Ellram, L. M., Ogden, J. A. (2014).Supply chain management: from vision to implementation. London: Pearson. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Islam, D. M. Z., Meier, J. F., Aditjandra, P. T., Zunder, T. H., Pace, G. (2013). Logistics and supply chain management.Research in Transportation Economics,41(1), 3-16. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., Lalwani, C. L. (2016).Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Ross, D. F. (2013).Competing through supply chain management: creating market-winning strategies through supply chain partnerships. Springer Science Business Media. Sarkis, J. (2012). A boundaries and flows perspective of green supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(2), 202-216. Schnsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. supermicro.com. (2017).Supermicro.com. Retrieved 13 February 2017, from https://www.supermicro.com Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R., Magazine, M. (Eds.). (2012).Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Waters, D., Rinsler, S. (2014).Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

What Your Writing Style Says About You

So many of our interactions – both at work and in our personal lives – are done digitally. Whether it’s via email, social media or SMS, having strong written communication skills are not only important for getting things done, but also for building and maintaining relationships with customers, vendors, and colleagues. Your words reflect who you are Your choice of words in an email or social media post may feel spontaneous, but they can actually tell a surprising amount about who you are. Text-analysis studies have found a strong link between certain key words and major personality traits. One study in particular analyzed the Facebook posts of 75,000 participants who also took personality tests. The results showed clear trends in word choice based on personality type – extroverts used a higher number of â€Å"social words†, such as â€Å"fun† and â€Å"party,† while introverts utilized words that referred to solitary activities, including â€Å"computer† and â€Å"reading.† Narcissists, predictably, talked about themselves a lot, leaning heavily on words like â€Å"I†, â€Å"myself† and â€Å"me.† What your emails say about you Emails are a vital form of business communication and seemingly small details make a huge difference: never letting a typo slip through will make you more likely to be seen as conscientious and detail-oriented. Lengthy emails can signify thoroughness, but they may also imply neediness or disorganized thoughts, so it’s important to keep in mind who you are writing for and what your goals are. Even your email response time can send a message – responding instantly might mean you’re hard-working (or that you maybe didn’t think through your message carefully), but a late response can imply a lack of interest. Perhaps unsurprisingly, your communication habits are also likely shaped by your age. A survey of 1,200 people ranging in age from 18 to 64 revealed certain trends in email habits that correlated with age. People between the ages of 55 and 64 were less likely to draft lengthy, verbose emails than the 18-to-24 set while older adults were also less tolerant of spelling and grammar mistakes. Age even seems to play a part in determining why people choose to rewrite emails before sending them – the majority of participants between ages 45 and 54 rewrote emails to sound more authentic, while 18-to-24 year olds did so to sound more intelligent. A minefield of miscommunication Texts, emails and posts are easy to misinterpret without the help of gestures, vocal inflections and other clues that come from in-person communication. In one interesting study, participants received 10 statements via email – some of these statements were sarcastic, while others were serious. The recipients were able to identify them correctly only about half the time. However, when they heard the same messages in a voice recording, they were able to correctly interpret the sentiment 73 percent of the time. So, read your message aloud before you send or post it – if there’s a chance it could be misunderstood, play it safe and tweak it. Communicate effectively It’s clear that your writing style reflects on your ability to communicate as well as how others perceive you. Sometimes, it’s worth taking a little bit of extra time to craft a message that will spark the response you want from the reader. Know when to keep your communication short, when to be casual or formal, and when it’s appropriate to be humorous or sarcastic.

The Worst Advice Weve Heard About Plagiarizing

The Worst Advice Weve Heard About Plagiarizing Plagiarism isnt a fun topic. Lets face it- anyone who has spent time in academic pursuits has heard the stern lectures from professors warning of the dangers of plagiarism. The consequences of it can be equally unsettling: a failing grade, a feeling of disgrace, loss of credibility, and even expulsion are all very real possibilities.But dont worry, weve got your back, and will discuss the absolute worst advice weve heard about plagiarizing. Pay attention and youll avoid the embarrassment and destruction of credibility that plagiarism can bring.Bad Idea #1: You can use whole sentences or paragraphs from WikipediaSince Wikipedia content is created by a conglomeration of several writers and editors, there is a false assumption that entire sentences or passages can be lifted from it and used in otherwise original papers.The operative word here is false. Regardless of how many writers contributed to a passage or content, and regardless of the fact that the content is online and highly edi ted, its still plagiarism to claim the text as your own. In addition, Wikipedia content will be easily picked up by any online plagiarism detector since it is a highly visited website and therefore highly ranked in search engine algorithms.Its also important to keep in mind that Wikipedia is not considered to be a legitimate source in academic research and writing. Treating it as a source could result in a lowered grade and plagiarizing it could most certainly result in that- or worse.Bad Idea #2: You can piece together pieces of several different free online essays on the topicIf youve ever watched an online plagiarism detector perform its search, youd know that this is likewise bad advice. Specifically, these programs are designed to crawl millions of webpages to find content that is word-for-word of the text submitted to them. It doesnt matter if the content is pulled from a hundred different sources, plagiarism detection software can find all of them- including short passages of approximately five words.There is also a false assumption that goes along with this one, stating that as long as the copied passages are less than a certain percentage of the original work, its fine to plagiarize. Whether you copy a passage of five words or 500- the act (and therefore, the consequence of that act) is the same.Whether you copy a passage of five words or 500- its still plagiarism. Photo by Green Chameleon on Unsplash.Bad Idea #3: You can plagiarize since there are no original ideas leftWhile its true that there is nothing new under the sun, this reality doesnt give you an excuse to claim anothers work as your own. When writers and literary scholars mention that there are no original ideas left (another way to state the adage I mentioned above), they are referring to story archetypes that have been used since the dawn of human existence. And sure- most storylines or plots have been done before, in some version, either in movies or books. Characters change and settings change, but there are certainly repetitions of conflicts and archetypes in literature that cant be avoided.However, there will always be a way for you to approach the topic with fresh eyes- and with YOUR eyes. Even if your thoughts are similar to others, you will still express them in a unique way because you are a unique individual. There is no one else in the entire world who looks, thinks, and processes ideas exactly like you do. This means that the work you produce, whether it is writing or research or both, should be entirely original in the way it is written and compiled. Since every writer is an individual, it is highly unlikely that he or she will choose word-for-word the exact phrasing of another writer who has broached the topic previously.Bad Idea #4: If the source is obscure enough, no one will know you plagiarizedTechnology is an amazing thing and plagiarism software is part of that emerging technology. While the plagiarism-checker programs have varying abilities and s copes of their search, your theft of anothers words could always be discovered with the right one. The question then becomes: Are you willing to run that risk?Even if a source is entirely offline (very few are nowadays) and completely obscure, a professor paying attention will potentially be able to detect plagiarism because the writing style and word choice will be so very different than your own. Many professors hand out in-class assignments and tests that require you to write in class. This means that they have a sample of your writing, which clues them in to your writing style and the extent of your vocabulary. Anything you turn in that is in glaring contrast will immediately be suspected of plagiarism by a professor who is looking for it.Bad Idea #5: You wont get penalized if you accidentally plagiarize somethingAs nice as this would be, it simply isnt true. Many universities have a strict no-plagiarism policy, and any instance of it could be dealt with harshly, including expul sion, even if it was accidental. In fact, freelance writers who publish online content often run their work through a plagiarism detector to make sure they havent accidentally plagiarized someone. As a professional writer, this type of accidental plagiarism could still have the same consequences of intentional plagiarism, including lawsuits, losing their job, and loss of credibility in their industry.The fact is: its an easy mistake to make, especially when you read a lot of content about a particular topic. Sometimes, thoughts go through our brains that we assume to be original but are actually thoughts weve read somewhere and simply forgot we had read it (in that exact combination of words).Professors understand this and have likely dealt with the situation in their own research and writing. However, any responsible researcher or writer will take steps to ensure that his or her work is original and that it cites all sources quoted, whether directly or indirectly. This involves che cking for plagiarism, even of the accidental variety, which is easy to do with all of the free plagiarism-checker websites available. When you submit your work for class or for a writing assignment given to you by your company, you should take these same steps.Bad Idea #6: Everyone does it, so you should tooI think most mothers have a similar reply when their rebellious teenager uses this argument to justify doing something against house rules: If everyone jumps off a bridge, would you follow them?While its a somewhat comedic anecdote, there is truth in it. Just because its widely done doesnt mean its right. And just because other people get away with it doesnt mean you will avoid getting caught, as well. In much the same sense that a police officer or judge will not be inclined to ignore laws broken simply because other people break them- neither will a professor be inclined to excuse plagiarism, simply because he or she has seen it attempted often over the span of their career.Bey ond these facts, its important to understand that plagiarism is theft- theft of anothers words and ideas, while claiming them as your own. In the same sense you would not be a thief in other facets of your life, dont be a thief of anothers writing and research.Bad Idea #7: If it isnt copyrighted, you can plagiarize itCopyright law is not as complex as you might think. In fact, once something is published online or as an original hardcopy, it retains an original copyright, whether the author attaches the copyright symbol () to it or not.Obviously, not every author would pursue litigation for copyright infringement, but the possibility is still there. This is especially true if you publish content online- whether academic or otherwise- without attributing it to its original author. Just as there is software to detect plagiarism, there is likewise software for authors and website managers to use that detects if anyone is using their original content online. With this software, they are able to find the website that is using their original content, as well as the websites owner (through information you provided when you registered the website). This means that the threat of lawsuits is always there, particularly if you are publishing online.Even if youre not publishing it online, plagiarism detector software can locate the original content online and mark yours as being plagiarized. And this software is freely available for professors or employers to use.Plagiarism can ruin your reputation and result in expulsion.Bad Idea #8: If you just rewrite another persons paper, it isnt plagiarizingThis is one of the most commonly held myths about plagiarism- thinking that rewriting or rearranging the words of an entire section or paper is somehow not plagiarism. While this method might help you avoid some online plagiarism detectors, depending on the source youre rewriting, it can still be highly visible to your professor that you have done this.The problem with this method of plagiarizing is that it is both underhanded and still not your original thought. There are some cases in which you will need to do this in order to avoid quoting so much, you still need a citation following the rewrite to direct the reader toward the original source.

Aesthetic and political issues raised by large surveys of womens work Essay

Aesthetic and political issues raised by large surveys of womens work - Essay Example Nature and culture has influenced women to diversify artistic works (Art & Australia, 2008). Women involvement in these changes borrows from the view life experiences and the motives for outstanding results are the central pillars that govern the actions of women. It is difficult to outline the political issues raised without looking at the social issues connected to women art. Participation of women in different professions has increased tremendously due to increased working opportunities. Women are also involved in the formulation and implementation of various reforms in the health sector and the provision of affordable care for children. This has raised different demands that women thrive to meet. The main demand by women is access to various professional fields as well as the demand for equal pay. This represents the ways in which women are approaching different aspects of their social life, professions and their private lives. The early participation of women in arts has a cultu ral impact on the modern societies. This change in culture manifests itself clearly by looking at the shift of women working in early sculptures to the present day visual arts. ‘Contemporary Australia: Women’ exhibition presents a good avenue for modern artists to discuss various issues related to art. Artists use the mass media to reveal different selections of women in the recent years. It has created visual arts, which is a new branch of arts. Women have influenced the cinema world showing how their involvement in art has changed the nature of contemporary art. Feminist art has brought about discussions and dialogues among different artists. It is also worth to note that... Many challenges have faced women artists including difficulties in trading, marketing and developing their skills in art. Gender biases and societal stereotypes are the main cause of these challenges and difficulties. Their endurance to these challenges and difficulties has changed the field of arts in the world. Australia represents the countries that recognize the contributions of different women artists to modern art. This revolution of women artists began during the time of the feminist movement that fought for the rights of women in arts. ‘Contemporary Australia: Women’ is an exhibition that helps in measuring and recognizing how women artists diversified and continue to diversify the field of arts. The exhibition contains different artistic works, which include paintings, films, sculptures, photography works and other forms of arts. The exhibition also comprises of works by young artists, how they develop their work out of a good understanding of identity as women artists. It explains the current position of women in the contemporary world by considering the views and opinions of different women artists in the world.

Report outlining the major stages & variables of Business Relationship Literature review

Report outlining the major stages & variables of Business Relationship development (BRD) - Literature review Example Any organization specialising in the production of a particular goods has a number of supplier who supplies raw materials and equipments to the company. Thus, stages for widening supplier relationships are the focus of the current study. This report gives insights into the essential steps and ideas required in attaining an effective supply chain management strategy in the concerned DIY furniture company. The concept of business relationship management deals with linking the organization with various stakeholders in order to fulfil business requirements as efficiently as possible (Krause et al. 2007). In order to develop a new supplier relationship, organizations like DIY furniture provider, can implement the supplier relationship model. The Supplier Relationship Model (SRM) consists of planning and maintaining a constructive relationship with the suppliers who supply materials and goods to the business (Hakansson, 1982). SRM is a part of supply chain management that provides major focus on developing and nourishing a strong relationship with the organizational suppliers. As per the model, when a business communicates with its suppliers, it needs to manage its entire supply chain in an efficient manner. Buying SRM software is a good option to start. Apart from that, there are four other stages that can be taken into account to build a good partnership with the suppliers and increase an overall organizational performance. In order to develop a good supplier relationship, business organizer can purchase Supply Chain Management Software (SCMS) that contains features of SRM or apps (Wilson, 1995). This type of software includes invaluable features to perform a task of building a good relationship, such as deifying and accommodating new suppliers, monitoring supplier’s performance, providing all suppliers’s updated business profile etc. This software helps to keep

Visual Description & Personal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Description & Personal Analysis - Essay Example There is almost a balance between the minimal subject matter in the top half of the painting (the sky itself) and the human-formed objects, clustered, in the bottom half of the painting. The overall mood of View up the Grand Canal Toward the Rialto,† is calm. It uses good linear perspective and a painterly style to emphasize the calm, ambient lighting and the typical day on the Grand Canal. Overall, I find this painting very pleasing in its natural treatment of the subject matter. It is also natural in terms of mood and lighting. I like the interplay between the nature and man made objects and I also like the treatment of both of these things: in a natural, everyday way. â€Å" View up the Grand Canal Toward the Rialto,† has an organic color palette and content that seems typical of Italian paintings of the time. Frances Guardi captured a cloudy, calm day on the Grand Canal and evokes similar feelings within the eye of the viewer. Adolphe-William Bougereau’s â€Å"Breton Brother and Sister† is a typical depiction of naturalized and glorified peasant life. Bouguereau’s peasants are presented as clean and noble, and they are usually arranged in poses that recall ancient Greek sculpture. â€Å"Breton Brother and Sister,† is no exception. The sister and boy are in peasant clothing, brilliantly formed with paint to suggest thick texture for fieldwork. Their faces are naturalistic and show little outward emotion, though their eyes suggest stories of hard work but also of love. The interplay of cool and subdued colors in the clothing compliments the natural background and atmosphere of organic peacefulness and serenity. In addition, the bits of more saturated color, such as the boy’s cap or the warm dress, unifies the many different colors utilized in the piece. Overall, the content of â€Å"Breton Brother and Sister† suggests a glorification of labor,

The Care of People in a Residential Setting

The Care of People in a Residential Setting SOCIAL WORK: Contribute to care of people in a residential setting TASK 1: Explanation of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its application in the social services The Treaty of Waitangi is an agreement signed between the Maori and the Crown in the year 1840. It has four principles that are being applied in the social services of today, and these are: partnership, protection, participation and permission. These principles are applied when social workers work together with the whanau and the client in the decision-making with regards to the kind of care the client needs. It is also applied when client’s cultural rights are kept safe and allowing them to practice their traditions if pleased. These principles are applied in contributing to the care of people in a residential setting based on these following examples: 1. PROTECTION – A Maori resident who wants to keep his traditions such as removing shoes upon entering his room must be observed by the staff to show their respect of his cultural rights. 2. PARTNERSHIP – Social worker, client and whanau could organize a hui to discuss about the best alternative education courses to arrange for a Maori child who has been admitted at a CYFs residential home due to criminal offense. 3. PARTICIPATION – Client and social worker may have a regular weekly meeting to discuss about the effectiveness of being admitted in a residential home for the client. Client can work together with the social worker to develop a plan on how the activities and programs in the facility could be helpful to him. TASK 2: Manage admission to residential care TASK 3: Contribute to planning for residential care of the resident TASK 4: Contribute to residential care of the resident TASK 5: Contribute to evaluation of the residential care plan TASK 6: Application of social service theory In this particular case, the social work theory on Working with Particular Client Groups was taken into consideration because we were dealing with a teenager. A client at this age has different needs and interests as compared to an adult client. Social worker must ensure to gain the attention and trust of the client to ensure her cooperation in the process. Gender is also taken into account, since the client is a girl, the social worker gave her residential care options that are friendly to her needs and in where she will feel safe and secure. Cultural rights were also taken note of. Client is a Maori thus, she was referred to a Maori organization to protect her tikanga and let her know more about her whakapapa. During her youth hearing the judge encouraged her to recite her pipiha to remind her of her whanangataunga and to practice their te reo which was very helpful to the client as it also encouraged her to get connected with her cultural roots. Hannah Marie N. Manlangit13160103

Operating Systems :: essays research papers

Retail system management can be an exhausting and daunting task. However, successfully evaluating the efficiency of an organization’s operating system is necessary to ensure a smooth and efficient operating stance for any venturing company. In this example, I will discuss the evaluation of RadioShack’s current operating system—Windows 98.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems unbelievable to imagine a company with a reputation for embracing technology to be found running archaic operating systems like Windows 98, but it is true. An e-commerce relic operates Radioshack’s entire point-of-sale and backroom functions. However, if you take into consideration the size of Radioshack’s organization numbering over 8000 stores, it becomes clear as to their motives. An operating system upgrade would be expensive, time-consuming, and risky. In spite of any potential benefits gained, RadioShack has opted to not fix what is not broke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RadioShack, as mentioned previously, utilizes Microsoft Windows 98 on all store terminals. Consequently, there are a myriad of applications necessary to maintain store accounting, inventory, and appearance. These applications include an internally developed program call Tag Wizard, an inventory control program, an enterprise solution named ACRWin and RadioShack Online. All of these components are essential to contributing and maintaining the store’s profitability. One element in the decision to not upgrade operating systems is the potential incompatibility of these programs with a newer system. Even one hour of downtime nationwide incurred by such an upgrade could potentially cripple RadioShack's profitability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite this risky conclusion, RadioShack could benefit from the investment of newer technology in a variety of ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, a newer operating system can deliver better access to input and output devices. With barcode scanners, inventory guns, computer demonstrators, and order processes all running as separate entities, a system such as Windows 2000 could integrate the entire package. The days of using one terminal to enter a customer sale, and yet another to create merchandise tags and still yet another to reconcile inventory could be over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, an improvement in controlled access to files is needed and a new operating system could deliver this function. Currently, when a RadioShack user logs in to an ACRWin terminal, they have free and complete access to all information. Windows 98 and ACRWin’s inability to mesh with each other allows a user to create the same transaction as a manager. This creates an unacceptable problem. There is little security provided from an unruly employee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, RadioShack’s current operating system lacks adequate error detection and response.

Management Yesterday and Today

8th edition Steven P. harles Renard C Robbins Mary Coulter LEARNING OUTLINE Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. o? Historical Background of Management †¢? Scientific Management o? General Administrative Theorists o? Quantitative Approach to Management †¢? Toward Understanding Organizational Behavior o? The Systems Approach o? The Contingency Approach 2–2 Historical Background of Management †¢? Ancient Management O Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) O Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) †¢? Adam Smith O Published â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† in 1776 v Advocated he division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers †¢? Industrial Revolution O Substituted machine power for human labor O Created large organizations in need of management 2–3 Development of Major Management Theories Exhibit 2. 1 2–4 Major Approaches to Management †¢? Scientific Management †¢? General Administrative Theory †¢? Quantitative Management †¢? Organizational Behavior †¢? Systems Approach †¢? Contingency Approach †¢? 2–5 Scientific Management †¢? Fredrick Winslow Taylor O The â€Å"father† of scientific management O Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) v Associated essay: Scientific Management Theory in HealthcareThe theory of scientific management –? Using scientific methods to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done: †¢? Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. †¢? Having a standardized method of doing the job. †¢? Providing an economic incentive to the worker. 2–6 Taylor’s Four Principles of Management 1.? Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method. 2.? Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. 3.? Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done n accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4.? Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Exhibit 2. 2 2–7 Scientific Management (cont’d) †¢? Frank and Lillian Gilbreth O Focused on increasing work er productivity through the reduction of wasted motion O Developed the microchronometer to time worker motions and optimize performance †¢? How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management? O Use time and motion studies to increase productivity O Hire the best qualified employees O Design incentive systems based on output 2–8General Administrative Theorists †¢? Henri Fayol O Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functions O Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations †¢? Max Weber O Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy) v Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism 2–9 Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 1.? Division of work. 7.? Remuneration. 2.? Authority. 8.? Centralization. 3.? Discipline. 9.? Scalar chain. 4.? Unity of command. 10.? Order. 5.?Unity of direction. 11.? Equity. 6.? Subordination of individual interest to the interests of the organization. 12.? Stability of tenure of personnel. 13.? Initiative. 14.? Esprit de corps. Exhibit 2. 3 2–10 Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy Exhibit 2. 4 2–11 Quantitative Approach to Management †¢? Quantitative Approach O Also called operations research or management science O Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problems O Focuses on improving managerial decision making by applying: v Statistics, optimization models, information models, and omputer simulations 2–12 Understanding Organizational Behavior †¢? Organizational Behavior (OB) O The study of the actions of people at work; people are the most important asset of an organization †¢? Early OB Advocates O Robert Owen O Hugo Munsterberg O Mary Parker Follett O Chester Barnard 2–13 Early Advocates of OB Exhibit 2. 5 2â⠂¬â€œ14 The Hawthorne Studies †¢? A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932. †¢? Experimental findings O Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse working conditions. O The effect of incentive plans was less than expected. ? Research conclusion O Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual output and work behavior than do monetary incentives. 2–15 The Systems Approach †¢? System Defined O A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. †¢? Basic Types of Systems O Closed systems v Are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is internal). O Open systems v Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are istributed into their environments. 2–16 The Organization as an Open System Exhibit 2. 6 2–17 The Contingency Approach †¢? Contingency Approach Defined O Also sometimes called the situational approach. O There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. O Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. 2–18 Popular Contingency Variables †¢? Organization size †¢? Routineness of task technology †¢? Environmental uncertainty †¢? Individual differences Exhibit 2. 7 2–19

Free Essays on Black Like Me

Black like me In John Howard Griffin’s book â€Å"Black Like Me†, Griffin takes a six week journey into the South as a black man by darkening his skin with medication. He travels for those six weeks attempting to discover what it was like to be black in the South during the late 1950’s. He found among other things a cruel segregated world. Griffin proves to be a noble man. He is unlike most of the whites were because he was not a racist. He saw all people as equals and despised the fact that blacks were considered so inferior. He wanted to make a difference, so by darkening his skin to appear black he was able to create a great novel in defense of African Americans. His encounters prove that there is no difference in humans based on skin color. Griffin’s decision to experience this nightmare was probably something no other white man would choose. This book has become a classic and effective teaching tool today. I was most interested to learn just how blacks we re to other blacks. As Griffin traveled, so many different people he met treated him with so much generosity. For instance, one black man walked out of his way for four miles so Griffin would not get lost. Other people invited him into their homes so he would have shelter during his time in the city that he was visiting at the time. The kindness these strangers showed to one another was one that does not exist today. I am unsure if it is the way all people treated one another in the 1950’s or if it was just the African Americans who were like this to other African Americans. During his journey Griffin found some white people who were kind to him. However, most of them were from the North, or the select few that knew he was really white. There were certain states that he went that many whites were friendlier than others. New Orleans, for instance, he had found such people. Mississippi was one of the worst considered for a black person to live. The epilogue writt... Free Essays on Black Like Me Free Essays on Black Like Me Black Like Me John Howard Griffin, the author and main character of Black Like Me, is a middle-aged white man living in Mansfield, Texas in 1959. Griffin decides to take a radical step: he decides to undergo medical treatment to change the color of his skin and temporarily become a black man. After securing the support of his wife and of George Levitan, the editor of a black oriented magazine called Sepia which will fund Griffin's experience in return for an article about it, Griffin sets out for New Orleans to begin his life as a black man. He finds a person in the black community, he is a shoe shiner named Sterling Williams. Eventually, Griffin looks in the mirror and sees a black man looking back. He briefly panics, feeling that he has lost his identity, and then he sets out to go into the black community. Griffin expects to find prejudice, segragation, and hardship, but he is shocked at the extent of it. Everywhere he goes he experiences difficulties and insults. He is often called a very strong word used in the south â€Å"nigger†. It is impossible for him to find a job, or even a restroom that blacks are allowed to use. After several horrendous days in New Orleans, Griffin decides to travel into the Deep South of Mississippi and Alabama. These states are known to be worse than New Orleans. In Mississippi, he is disheartened and exhausted, so he calls a white friend named P.D. East. East is a newspaperman who is opposed to racism. He spends a day with East, during the time they discuss the way racial prejudice has been incorporated into the South's legal code by bigoted writers and politicians. Eventually, a rejuvenated Griffin leaves for a long hitchhiking trip throughout Alabama and Mississippi. Griffin, was again depressed and weary of life as a black man. He stops taking his medication and lightens his skin back to his normal color. He begins alternating back and forth between races, visiting a place first as a black... Free Essays on Black Like Me Black like me In John Howard Griffin’s book â€Å"Black Like Me†, Griffin takes a six week journey into the South as a black man by darkening his skin with medication. He travels for those six weeks attempting to discover what it was like to be black in the South during the late 1950’s. He found among other things a cruel segregated world. Griffin proves to be a noble man. He is unlike most of the whites were because he was not a racist. He saw all people as equals and despised the fact that blacks were considered so inferior. He wanted to make a difference, so by darkening his skin to appear black he was able to create a great novel in defense of African Americans. His encounters prove that there is no difference in humans based on skin color. Griffin’s decision to experience this nightmare was probably something no other white man would choose. This book has become a classic and effective teaching tool today. I was most interested to learn just how blacks we re to other blacks. As Griffin traveled, so many different people he met treated him with so much generosity. For instance, one black man walked out of his way for four miles so Griffin would not get lost. Other people invited him into their homes so he would have shelter during his time in the city that he was visiting at the time. The kindness these strangers showed to one another was one that does not exist today. I am unsure if it is the way all people treated one another in the 1950’s or if it was just the African Americans who were like this to other African Americans. During his journey Griffin found some white people who were kind to him. However, most of them were from the North, or the select few that knew he was really white. There were certain states that he went that many whites were friendlier than others. New Orleans, for instance, he had found such people. Mississippi was one of the worst considered for a black person to live. The epilogue writt...

The Presidential Candidacy essays

The Presidential Candidacy essays CURRENT EVENTS ISSUES ON MEDICARE, VOTING FRAUD, INJUSTICE REGARDING PEDOPHILES AND THE WAR The current information provided to the American public on both television and all other mews media outlets are infiltrated with political proproganda one could form no opinion that would be of good judgment based on the facts given to us through these sources. When watching the democratic and republican conventions it becomes almost humorous, the list of promises each candidate makes with the American public knowing fully that the promises and agenda in which they will be carried out will mostly likely not become reality. Based on past presidential campaigns the promises are usually null and void before they ever are carried out. Considering the tug of war that occurs between the House of Congress and the Senate the proposed agenda the President makes that is suppose the better accommodate the American people usually becomes so distorted in the end that no one is better off. One would have to conduct an in depth research project from actual factual documents and information provided by private entities or by personally knowing or being a relative of the candidates currently seeking the Presidency. Considering this, documents could be altered as the American people have learned from experience and the second idea in which to retrieve information, I would have to say, does anyone really know a person. Perhaps our entire democracy should be completely reconstructed. Why could we not have more than two candidates to choose from? Could the American people not demand to have 5, 10 or even 100 candidates to choose from? I suggest that each candidate have an outside independent non-government related agency do a thorough background investigation and this information should be presented to the American public for their own review upon which they could then form their own choice more accurately based on this information. The ca...

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 88

History - Essay Example It is at this point that one could say that the Author is trying to establish an impression that the book is supposed to descriptively tell something about the Baroque period, and the ultimate way of understanding it is to look at the common trends or patterns in politics, economics, religion, arts and sciences at that period of time. In this case, the Author simply did not try to single out the basic concept of understanding history. In fact, there is a use of the same methodology of establishing or creating clear ideas of a certain historical period. The book starts to talk about â€Å"The Patteru of Politics and Economics† (Friedrich 1-67) in Chapter I, then down to religion, war, science and so on. The discussion specifically ends with Bibliographical essay (Friedrich 3271). In other words, the book is organized in a way that the readers can learn many things about social, political and economical issues associated with the Baroque period. It is interesting at some point, because the book does not only focus on artistic expression, but rather the descriptive events during the period as far as the association of the arts is concerned. The Author simply pointed out at some point that there are many things to learn about the Age of the Baroque aside from the art and relevant artistic expression. There were primary sources involved in the discussion, supporting the Author’s main argument. These also include some supporting materials like secondary information from credible intellectual works. In other words, the Author tried to establish a significant justification so as not to defeat the purpose of the entire book. The supporting details were necessary requirements in order to come up with the better perspective and descriptive thought about the Baroque period. At some point, considering that the entire work is quite exploratory in its nature, there might be remarkable

Financial Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Financial Markets and Risk - Essay Example The major sources of long term finance in the capital markets are actually the products provided to the consumer for long term investment. The consumers are assumed to be rational in their choices among the various alternatives presented. The choice of the product to use will depend on: time element, a cost of finance, flexibility and the mode of payment. Long-term investment products provide funds that may be used usually for more than five years. They include: Share capital - this consists of both ordinary share capital which is contributed by the real owners of a limited company and it is not redeemable and the preference share capital. This is contributed by the preference shareholders. Retained earnings provisions - these are part of the profits which belong to the ordinary shareholders and are not paid to them in the period they are earned. Debentures or long-term loans - a debenture is the written acknowledgment of a debt incurred by a limited company. Mortgages - the consumers and companies can get loans for long periods by mortgaging their assets with any mortgage brokers or any other financial institution. Sale and lease back - a company which owns its own premises or fixed assets can obtain finance by selling the property to an insurance company for immediate cash and renting it back. The cost of finance or the product depends on the terms of finance, nature and size of the business, availability of the product, the nature of security, growth stage of the company and government influences through the central bank.

Bankers Bonuses a Force for Good or Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bankers Bonuses a Force for Good or Evil - Essay Example This essay seeks to dissect the negative side or the disadvantages that will be caused by the stringent government and European Union policies on limiting the Banker’s bonus, which is regarded as a force for good for the bankers and a force for evil for the public and the overall economy. Essentially numerous reasons are attributed to the culture of the banks offering lucrative bonuses to the bankers. Some of these include the motivation to work so hard in a bid to create more wealth hence more profits. This brings the aspect of profits depends on the individuals employees of a certain bank. This dependency on the operations and talents of various individuals is immensely attributed to the volatile nature of the banking industry in terms of profit generation. The banking industry has developed over time and it is at a point where profits can be generated by well organized and selected factors of production (SMITHERS, 2013). On a similar front, the losses can be made through uncontrolled payments such as the bonuses to the bankers. This is most risky aspect in this discussion since it has been attributed to the 2008 crisis where lucrative banks plunged into economic turmoil which ended them to closure. In addition, most banks extend the bonuses to the bankers, since t he banks enjoy unwavering spot for bonuses because, when times are good and the overall nations’ economy is growing, the banks reap well in terms of profits and hence no doubt that, they will enjoy such pilferages. On a similar note, the banks find it hard not to give its employees the bonuses since they are metaphorically surrounded by bonuses since their stock is money. They use it to trade even in the stock exchange. This goes without a say that, the banks have the ability to extend large sums of money to the employees as bonuses because the money is available. However the question arises whether the government policy through the Bank of England on capping of the bonus and crawling them to 10

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Example for Free

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the definition of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and what causes it, the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and the treatments for Obsessive -Compulsive Disorder. Thesis: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a common psychiatric illness that can affect people’s daily lives. Introduction Do you constantly check to see if you turned the stove off? Do you have to wash your hands a certain amount of times before you feel like their clean? Do you constantly repeat things, or keep things such as bears, bottles, or paper? We all double check sometimes, but when you feel the need to check things repeatedly, and if you don’t you feel a sense of anxiety, this could be a sign that you have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or OCD. I can discuss this topic with you because I work with people who have this disorder, and I have done my research by reading books and researching the web. Today I’m going to inform you about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder also known as OCD. OCD is a common psychiatric illness that can affect people’s daily lives. Now I’m going to tell you what OCD is and what causes it, the symptoms of OCD, and the treatment for OCD. I. First, let’s discuss what OCD is and what causes it? A. According to the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation OCD is an anxiety disorder, and is characterized by unwanted thoughts which are obsessions, repetitive behaviors which are compulsions, and rituals to satisfy obsession. People with OCD are plagued by recurring and distressing thoughts, fears, or images they cannot control. 1. According to the National Institute of Mental Health OCD affects about 2. 2 Million American Adults. 2. OCD affects men, women, and children, as well as people of all races, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds 3. One-third adults with OCD develop symptoms as children. Unlike adults, however, children with OCD may not realize that their obsessions and compulsions are excessive. B. Experts do not know the exact cause of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Research suggests that there may be a problem with the way one part of the brain sends information to another part. Not having enough of a brain chemical called serotonin. 1. OCD is caused by chemical and brain dysfunction, Genetics, Infection, Depression, and Life. 2. OCD can cause severe anxiety in those affected and involves both obsessions and compulsions in everyday life. Now that we know what OCD is and what causes it, let’s discuss the symptoms of OCD. II. The Symptoms of OCD A. People with OCD have many different symptoms. †¢According to the ADAA, Anxiety and Depression Association of America OCD symptoms are divided into Obsessions (unwanted intrusive thoughts) †¢Constant, irrational worry about dirt, germs, or contamination. . According to the book â€Å"Freedom from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder† contamination is the most common form of OCD. †¢Excessive concern with order, arrangement, or symmetry. †¢Feeling responsible for the safety of others. Compulsions (ritualistic behaviors and routines to ease anxiety or distress) †¢Cleaning- Repeatedly washing hands, or bathing. †¢Checking- Checking to see if the stove is off, or if the door is locked. †¢Hoarding- According to the book â€Å"Overcoming Compulsive Hoarding† is the one element of OCD that is largely known, is Difficulty throwing things away such as rubber bands, bottle caps, or magazines because you feel that you will need it later, or need it â€Å"just in case† †¢Repeating- Inability to stop repeating a name, phrase, or activity. Now that we know what OCD is, and the symptoms of OCD, let’s discuss the treatments for OCD. III. What are treatments for OCD? A. Psychotherapy 1. Teaches a person different days of thinking, behaving, and reacting to situations that help him/her feel less anxious or fearful without having obsessive thoughts on acting compulsively. B. Medication 1. Doctors may prescribe medication to help treat OCD. The most commonly prescribed medications for OCD are anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants. 1. Anti-anxiety meds are powerful and many begin working right away. 2. Anti-depressants are used to treat depression, but they are also helpful for OCD probably more so than anti-anxiety meds.

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Essay -- essays research papers

One of the more significant or essential concepts in my opinion is communication. Communication, the exchange of information is a key concept because when information is shared in a constructive manner there is an opportunity for understanding and even acceptance in most cases. Communication develops a sense of trust and portrays a gesture of sensitivity which usually results in a more positive reaction and cooperation. Open communication is especially important when transition is involved. Communication will enable a smoother transition because all will be aware of the changes taking place and with some explanation may welcome the change due to the greater understanding the communication may have provided. When an organization withholds information it creates havoc and mistrust amongst the members of that organization. Communication may not always be negative; it is just as important to communicate when the information is that of a positive nature. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency relies on each member of the organization’s participation or contribution. An organization must identify what their goals and strategy are and recognize what their strengths and weakness are. They must improve their methods and practices to greater their strengths and evaluate the areas or factors that are preventing or weakening their productivity and overall progress and restructure or eliminate to achieve the organizations goals. This is one area where organizational learning...

JetBlue Airways Corporation Essay

JetBlue Airways Corporation has been a rapidly growing discount airline and biggest success story in the industry by using its strong customer service considerations and low fares to build a solid, growing customer base. Synopsis JetBlue Airways Corporation has established itself as a low-fare passenger airline with a differentiated product and a high-quality customer service. They focus on serving underserved markets and large metropolitan areas that have high average fares. They offer both short-haul and long-haul routes that are point-to-point rather than the ‘hub and spoke† route system that has been adopted by most major U. S. airlines. JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998 and started operations in February 2000. On April 11, 2002 they announced their initial public offering of its common stock. Their base of operations is at New York John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). On February 14, 2003, JetBlue began their West Coast base of operations at Long Beach Municipal Airport, which serves the Los Angeles area. JetBlue currently operates 180 flights per day. Profile and Mission JetBlue’s goal is to be the leading low-fare passenger airline by offering customers a differentiated product and high-quality customer service. JetBlue can offer low-fares due to its low operating costs. Cost per available seat mile was 6. 2 cents as compared to the reported average cost per available seat mile of 9. 58 cents offered by other major U. S. airlines. JetBlue attributes the low unit costs to the high productivity of its assets and employees. Some of the factors that lead to the low unit costs are the efficient utilization of the aircraft, the operation of only one type of aircraft, which is the Airbus A320, with a single class of service, a productive workforce, and low distribution costs. JetBlue has acquired an all-new fleet of aircraft, the Airbus A320. They currently operate 45 (53 by the end of 2003), with plans to order 100 more. These planes are expected to start arriving in mid-2005 with scheduled completion set for 2011. Each Airplane has a single class layout with a wider cabin space than the competitor’s airplanes. In addition, each airplane is equipped with 162 leather seats with free 24-channel satellite T. V. at each seat. The aircraft is fuel-efficient, very reliable, and versatile. JetBlue has established a strong brand that differentiates itself from its competitors as a safe, reliable, low-fare airline. It does not sacrifice its customer service or an enjoyable flying experience to achieve those features. JetBlue has a strong company culture. It achieves this by hiring friendly, helpful, team-oriented, and customer-focused people. JetBlue has positioned itself in New York, the nation’s largest travel market. JetBlue flies out of lighter congested JFK airport, which has allowed it to provide reliable service. JetBlue has 75 exemption slots that would allow them to fly during the congested period; however two-thirds of the flights are scheduled outside of the peak period. The management team at JetBlue has considerable experience in the airline industry. For example, the experience comes from successful-low-cost leaders such as Southwest Airlines and the extensive experience of managing airline operations in the New York area. Finally, JetBlue has a competitive edge with their advanced technology. The use of laptop computers in the cockpit allows the pilot to calculate weight & balance and takeoff performance. Pilots also use the laptops to access manuals in electronic format. JetBlue features ticketless travel and 4 cabin security cameras on each plane. And for further protection, each airplane has a bulletproof cockpit.

A study into the discourses present in schools

This paper will be a theoretically based survey into the discourse of the instruction system and its handiness by a peculiar demographic of students in the instruction system. The purposes of this paper are to derive an apprehension of the function that discourses drama in schools, to recognize the links between discourse, linguistic communication and individuality, to foreground the societal justness issues that arise when some students can non entree the course of study and to suggest back uping and opposing statements for a alteration in lingual codifications in the school environment. In this paper, when adverting the term ‘discourse ‘ , I will mention to the definition used by Gee ( 1990 ) : â€Å" a socially accepted association among ways of utilizing linguistic communication, of thought, feeling, believing, valuing, and of moving that can be used to place oneself as a member of a socially meaningful group or ‘social web ‘ , or to signal ( that one is playing ) a socially meaningful ‘role ‘ . † ( p. 143 ) It will go clear during this paper that discourse is non modestly the words one uses, or the phrases that are understood by peculiar groups. It is the really make-up of what individuality is. Classroom discourse is an of import country of survey because it is the medium by which information from the topics is transferred from the course of study, schools and instructors to the students. It is besides of personal involvement due to experiences of learning at an interior metropolis school, whose population consisted of an above national norm of students from households from a low socioeconomic country of the state, with the bulk of students entitled to free school repasts. From duologues with these students ( both separately and collaboratively in the schoolroom context ) , I realised that there was a distinguishable contrast in the discourse used by both parties. Occasionally inquiries arose from students that were finally a palingenesis of a statement already expressed by myself. This facet of revoicing will be scrutinised, and its importance to classroom discourse emphasised in this piece of work. Further inquiries originating from this experience related to the entree t hese students had to the course of study being taught to them. It was pertinent that the repeat by the students showed a deficiency of apprehension of the linguistic communication used instead than of the value of the content being taught. Was the discourse of the course of study an obstruction to the acquisition of these students? Surely if the student can non understand the instructor ( and every bit if the instructor can non understand the student ) , larning must be impeded. It is my purpose to analyze these differences and understand the links between discourse, individuality and cultural capital of this peculiar demographic of student, the discourse of schools, and the importance of these differences. At the foundation of the apprehension of the discourse of a peculiar individual or group of people, is its links to their distinguishing individuality. Harmonizing to Gee ( 1991, in Mitchell and Weiler, p. 1 ) , discourse encompasses the garb one wears, instructions on how to move, how to talk and taking on specified recognizable functions. It is hence more than merely the idiom one uses, it is all that is used to make an individuality, an ‘identity kit ‘ as competently put by Gee. The functions that one is given are tied to the environment in which they are present, for illustration – locally – the functions assigned to a instructor when they are in the school environment. A instructor will be trained to act, talk, act, think and even frock in a specific manner because that is what the environment demands, differences in these behaviors would foreground non-conformity toward the societal environment, and basically the discourse itself. Similarly, one could propose that kids, harmonizing to their societal groups will utilize a peculiar discourse that relates to that peculiar group ( Bernstein, 1962, p. 33 ) . Identity is per se linked to linguistic communication, as explained by Barker and GalasiA„ski ( 2001, p. 28 ) as a merchandise of civilization â€Å" to which linguistic communication is cardinal † . They besides attempt to help the apprehension of how of import the construct of individuality is to the sense of affinity shared by peculiar groups, such as students. They describe individuality as an thought of belonging or associating to a group of people with which one can place emotionally ( p. 28 ) . This thought is developed by Marshall ( 1990, in Ball, 1990, p. 14 ) when explicating Foucault ‘s doctrine of the ‘subject ‘ , intending â€Å" both being tied to person else by control and dependance, and being tied to one ‘s ain individuality by a scruples or self-knowledge. † Another of import facet that will be explicated is the importance of linguistic communication as a tool to determine a power construction and the barriers that this causes to taking alternate attacks to educating. As highlighted by Gee ( ibid. , p. 2 ) , closely of import to talk about is the manner power is distributed, specifically in a hierarchal nature. This position suggests that disputing the discourse could be viewed as a challenge to the school bureaucratism. Discourses, Compatibility and Access to Education I have briefly outlined the two discourses that are of involvement, to progress this probe it would be relevant to analyze and explain the relationship between the two in a school environment, and finally, if they are compatible. To understand if these two discourses are compatible it is of import to understand some cardinal issues such as entree to peculiar codifications of linguistic communication ( Bernstein, 1962 ) , cultural capital ( Rothstein, 2004, p.19 ) and issues of individuality and willingness to accommodate ( Bernstein, 1958 ) . The course of study and schools in general have a peculiar codification of linguistic communication. Wittgenstein ( 2001, p. 6 ) metaphorically describes words as tools in a tool chest, explicating that merely as a cock or gum may hold different maps, so excessively words may hold assorted utilizations depending upon the context. Hymes and Gumperz ( 1971 in Bernstein, 1971, p. 145 ) conceptualise codification as â€Å" the rule which regulates the choice and organisation of speech events. † Auer ( 1998, p. 38 ) explains the codification of linguistic communication as â€Å" a mechanism of transduction between purposes†¦ and vocalizations, and so between vocalizations and readings. † This is further developed by Littlejohn explicating linguistic communication codification as â€Å" a set of forming rules behind the linguistic communication employed by members of a societal group † ( 2002, p.A 178 ) . Two types of lingual codification are identified: elaborated and restricted ( Bernstein, 1962, p. 32 ) . Basically the difference between the two is based on the trouble of anticipation ( Hymes and Gumperz, 1971, in Bernstein, 1971, p. 145 ) and the scope of options available in the vocabulary ( Bernstein, 1962, p. 32 ) , where they are inversely relative. Elaborated codification is defined as holding an extended scope of options and hence the predictability of the vocabulary is low. â€Å" An detailed codification facilitates the building and exchange of individuated symbols. The verbal planning map associated with this codification promotes a higher degree of structural administration and lexicon choice [ with regard to a restricted codification ] . The readying and bringing of comparatively expressed significance is the major intent of the codification † ( p. 33 ) Conversely restricted codification although differing harmonizing to the societal scene, its vocabulary will be drawn from a sparse scope. The conditions for development of this codification varies but in general is based on a â€Å" common set of closely shared designations, self-consciously held by the members, where immediateness of the relationship is stressed. † ( p. 32 ) Peer groups of kids and striplings are premier illustrations of the demographic that use this organized construction and specific vocabulary choice. It could be argued that these groups prefer the usage of this codification because of the societal facet of their relationships. Bernstein notes the possibility that â€Å" restricted codification facilitates the building and exchange of societal symbols. † ( 1962, p. 33 ) Of peculiar involvement are pupils from the lower categories, due to the manner in which they are raised and live their lives, it is thought that they have less entree to the discourse of instruction. Harmonizing to Rothstein ( 2004 ) those from the lower categories are read to in early childhood less frequently than those who have educated parents, and those who are read to, are non as challenged with the originative inquiries. This consequences in a lower acquaintance with words, impacting upon early acquisition upon school entry, irrespective of the natural ability of the kid to larn ( p. 19 ) . Children and striplings from lower socio-economic backgrounds are premier illustrations of users of restricted codification, nevertheless as detailed codification is more expressed in significance, it is a better method of communicating when trying to supply accounts when there is no old cognition, so more comprehensive accounts can be delivered ( p.34 ) , a state of affairs which reflects favorably to a school environment where students are having the bulk of information for the first clip. As instruction is arguably more appropriately delivered in detailed codification, the consequence is the outgrowth of the discourse job. To back up this Bernstein ( 1962 ) explains that elaborative codification is universalistic with mention to its significance with regard to its theoretical account, i.e. â€Å" it summarises general societal agencies and terminals. † ( p. 33 ) and hence â€Å" merely some people have entree to the codification and to the possible universalistic character of its significances. † ( p. 34 ) . Contrarily, restricted codification is particularistic with mention to its significance with regard to its theoretical account, i.e. â€Å" it summarises local societal agencies and terminals. † ( p. 33 ) therefore â€Å" all people have entree to the codification and to its local condensed significances † ( p. 34 ) . As non all people have entree to elaborative codification, pupils when at school can hold different experiences in footings of the development of their cultural capital ( Hymes and Gumperz, 1971, in Berstein, 1971, p. 143-144 ) a position supported by Rothstein ‘s account of the attainment spread ( Rothstein, 2004, p. 20 ) . Hymes and Gumperz explain that harmonizing to how receptive a kid is to the discourse of instruction, they will see a relative sum of symbolic and societal development ( ibid. ) . Both of these statements are supported by Gould ( 1965 ) , who adds that a restricted codification should non be devalued, as it has the power to unify the user to fellow societal group members and the community – a point besides stressed by Bernstein ( 1962, p. 36 ) – furthermore a alteration of codification alters the cardinal elements of what constructs their societal individuality and world. â€Å" This statement means that educational establishments in a unstab le society carry within themselves estranging inclinations. † ( cited in Bernstein, 1971, p. 136-137 ) . When a member of society is non included in such of import facets of societal life, such as schooling, particularly when it is their right to be so, it raises the issue of societal justness which is defined by Rawls ( 1971 ) : â€Å" the primary topic of justness is the basic construction of society, or more precisely, the manner in which the major societal establishments distribute cardinal rights and responsibilities and find the division of advantages from societal cooperation. † ( p. 7 ) Analyzing this definition of societal justness leads me to oppugn if all schools are so administering the cardinal right of instruction reasonably, and is sufficient advantage provided to those who have inferior entree to the discourse of instruction? Social justness is undeniably an of import public issue in the context of the United Kingdom and England. Tomlinson ( 2005, p. 153 ) evidences this observing the confidence of the Prime Minister in 1997, Tony Blair, plighting that â€Å" The New Labour authorities came to power confirming a committedness to societal justness and to instruction as a means to make a socially merely society. † He besides notes the Prime Minister pulling upon links with societal development, promoting states to be unfastened to difference in 1999 ( ibid. ) . If societal justness in the schoolroom is to be achieved, and if it presently is non due to the impression of the course of study being unaccessible because of the discourse used, should the thought of alteration of lingual codification in the schoolroom be entertained? Keeping in head that linguistic communication is an intrinsic portion of individuality, the effects of enforcing a alteration to something every bit personal as an individuality should be carefully examined before being implemented. Bernstein ( 1958 ) intimates that the lower person ‘s societal strata, the greater opposition they will demo to formal instruction and acquisition, including that this is really a map of the group. His literature besides explains the method of opposition that is likely to be displayed, including, critical jobs of subject, non-acceptance of the values of the instructor, the failure to develop and experience the demand for an extended vocabulary and a penchant for a descriptive instead than an analytical cognitive procedure ( p. 160 ) . As antecedently evidenced the peculiar demographic of student are united due to the discourse they use, combine with this a united negative temperament towards schooling and it can be understood that willingness to talk about displacement from this demographic may be really low. If this scheme has defects, should the inquiry of lingual alteration to the course of study be raised? It seems pertinent that if every bit mentioned all have entree to a restricted lingual codification, and non all have entree to an detailed codification, that a restricted codification is the ideal lingua for learning. Complications with this posit are nevertheless instantly obvious, notably the impact on the quality of the topic cognition being transferred to the student, and the power battle that may ensue in utilizing an inferior strand of linguistic communication. Sing the quality of the teaching method, is it right to suggest for illustration, that in mathematics the word whole number which is rich and really specific in significance, elaborate in codification, be sacrificed for the possibly more accessible figure, from a restricted codification? One could anticipate benefits in pupil attending, and it could be argued that a hapless apprehension is better than no apprehension a t all. Harmonizing to Foucault ‘s rule of discontinuity ( Foucault, 1982, cited in Ball, 1990, p. 2 ) â€Å" We must do allowance for the complex and unstable powers whereby discourse can be both an instrument and an consequence of power, but besides a hinderance, a stumbling block, a point of opposition and a starting point of an opposing scheme. † To develop this, parallels to Auer ‘s account of power when utilizing foreign linguistic communications in other states can be drawn. If a restricted codification is thought of as a foreign minority linguistic communication and the elaborative codification is thought of as the local linguistic communication, a clear power construction can be established. â€Å" it may be said that in a minority linguistic communication context, the minority linguistic communication is the linguistic communication of entry and the bulk linguistic communication that of power. This macro-sociological power so infiltrates the colloquial exchange such that a talker who uses the power linguistic communication ( the bulk linguistic communication ) besides exerts interactive power over his or her co-participant ( s ) . † ( Auer, 1998, p. 236 ) Ball ( 1990 ) describes educational establishments as topographic points which control how discourse is distributed and the entree that persons have to the assorted discourses ( p. 3 ) . The thought of control clearly displays the power that schools have ; one would assume that schools would waver to destruct the barriers that discourse present to forestall the loss of high quality over their students. Hymes and Gumperz ( 1971 ) confirm that there is a discontinuity in footings of discourses that kids from lower socio-economic backgrounds face ( in Bernstein, 1971, p. 144 ) . There is an statement that a kid learns how to be educated by engagement, therefore larning to distinguish between discourses. The kid learns which is appropriate for each societal scene, larning how to believe and move and in consequence larning how to go a pupil ( Hicks, 1996, p. 105 ; Gee, 1990, p. 87 ; Wertsch, 1991 in Miller, 1992, p. 65 ) . This is farther grounds to propose that the posit has mistakes. Revoicing is a technique used by instructors which harmonizing to O'Connor and Michaels ( Hicks, 1996 ) is a â€Å" peculiar sort of reuttering ( unwritten or written ) of a pupil ‘s part – by another participant in the treatment. † ( p. 71 ) Combinations of both restricted and elaborated codification are evidenced in illustration ( 4 ) . Although the illustration is constructed, it is claimed to be a typical illustration of a schoolroom treatment. The instructor uses elaborated codification to reiterate and reenforce a statement made by the pupil, which is in restricted codification. This in consequence exposes the pupils in the schoolroom to both lingual codifications, thereby leting all students listening entree to the treatment. ( 4 ) Student: Well, I think that Smith ‘s work is truly non relevant here because she merely looked at grownups. Teacher: So you agree with Tom so, you ‘re proposing that Smith is irrelevant to the linguistic communication acquisition of immature kids? Student: Yeah. ( p. 71 ) Further analysis of the literature reveals that uncertainnesss remain with this scheme nevertheless. O'Connor and Michaels make clear that there can be an issue with student-teacher apprehension, ensuing in a dislocation in the effectivity of the technique in the lesson, saying that â€Å" If the instructor can non understand what the pupil is proposing in footings of the current undertaking, it will be really hard to integrate that part efficaciously, with or without the revoicing scheme. † ( p. 97 ) Another highlighted quandary is the desire for pupils to non experience patronised ; they understand that if students ‘ statements are invariably recognised but non linked to the academic content, it can be a cause for the pupils to go defeated due to the arch nature of the responses. ( p. 97 ) Decisions The purposes of this paper are to derive an apprehension of the function that discourses drama in schools, to recognize the links between discourse, linguistic communication and individuality, to foreground the societal justness issues that arise when some students can non entree the course of study and to suggest back uping and opposing statements for a alteration in lingual codifications in the school environment. It has been established utilizing the literature that that there are links between discourse and individuality and one of the cardinal facets of discourse is the manner one uses linguistic communication ( Gee, 1990 ) . Two types of lingual codifications are identified by Bernstein ( 1962 ) , restricted and elaborated, stand foring a lower and higher vocabulary complexness severally. It was established that some students, chiefly those from lower socio-economic backgrounds, do non hold entree to academic linguistic communication which is constructed utilizing an detailed codification, as highlighted by Gould ( 1965 ) and Hymes and Gumperz ( 1971 ) , which leads to issues of societal justness. In an effort to look into a possible solution to the jobs of discourse, an analysis of the literature by O'Connor and Michaels ( Hicks, 1996 ) was held, proposing a alteration in discourse from one of the two parties. Although there were some obvious quandaries, viz. the feeling of a loss of power by schools, an apprehension of the revoicing technique used by some instructors intimated that it is sensible to propose that entree to the linguistic communication of schools could be improved without the usage of drastic steps. Further inquiries could be raised approximately predicted power battles that could break out should the balance held with the aid of the two discourses disappear, and about the effects that discourse has on pupil-teacher dealingss. This is an of import issue as the teacher-pupil relationship has a critical impact on the behavior of students in the schoolroom. Harmonizing to Robertson ( 1985, p. 111 ) Wragg et Al. produced a brochure for usage on a instruction pattern which listed of import issues for students, one of which was personal relationships. One could oppugn if efforts to interrupt the discourse barriers would better these relationships. Possibly the most of import inquiry to reply is the consequence on the acquisition of the students, premises on this facet are made by O'Connor and Michaels ( Hicks, 1996 ) stating, â€Å" we assume here that each case of pupil engagement, fostered and scaffolded by the instructor, represents an chance for an increase of acquisition, nevertheless little. † ( p. 64 ) It is of import nevertheless that more research in this field takes topographic point ; it would be good to understand genuinely the troubles faced by both students and instructors due to the assorted discourses present in the schoolroom. A greater apprehension of the schoolroom in footings of the lingual codifications used would profit teaching method and the instruction of the course of study because as evidenced in this piece of work, without lucidity in communicating some students do non hold entree to the course of study. Tim Brighouse in a treatment with Helen Gunter had emphasised the importance of entree and societal justness in instruction. Metaphorically he explained that, every kid has the right to reject instruction but in order to reject it they must foremost hold full entree to it, saying that â€Å" Every kid has the right to reject Beethoven † ( Gunter, 2010 ) .