Bankers Bonuses a Force for Good or Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bankers Bonuses a Force for Good or Evil - Essay Example This essay seeks to dissect the negative side or the disadvantages that will be caused by the stringent government and European Union policies on limiting the Banker’s bonus, which is regarded as a force for good for the bankers and a force for evil for the public and the overall economy. Essentially numerous reasons are attributed to the culture of the banks offering lucrative bonuses to the bankers. Some of these include the motivation to work so hard in a bid to create more wealth hence more profits. This brings the aspect of profits depends on the individuals employees of a certain bank. This dependency on the operations and talents of various individuals is immensely attributed to the volatile nature of the banking industry in terms of profit generation. The banking industry has developed over time and it is at a point where profits can be generated by well organized and selected factors of production (SMITHERS, 2013). On a similar front, the losses can be made through uncontrolled payments such as the bonuses to the bankers. This is most risky aspect in this discussion since it has been attributed to the 2008 crisis where lucrative banks plunged into economic turmoil which ended them to closure. In addition, most banks extend the bonuses to the bankers, since t he banks enjoy unwavering spot for bonuses because, when times are good and the overall nations’ economy is growing, the banks reap well in terms of profits and hence no doubt that, they will enjoy such pilferages. On a similar note, the banks find it hard not to give its employees the bonuses since they are metaphorically surrounded by bonuses since their stock is money. They use it to trade even in the stock exchange. This goes without a say that, the banks have the ability to extend large sums of money to the employees as bonuses because the money is available. However the question arises whether the government policy through the Bank of England on capping of the bonus and crawling them to 10

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Example for Free

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the definition of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and what causes it, the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and the treatments for Obsessive -Compulsive Disorder. Thesis: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a common psychiatric illness that can affect people’s daily lives. Introduction Do you constantly check to see if you turned the stove off? Do you have to wash your hands a certain amount of times before you feel like their clean? Do you constantly repeat things, or keep things such as bears, bottles, or paper? We all double check sometimes, but when you feel the need to check things repeatedly, and if you don’t you feel a sense of anxiety, this could be a sign that you have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or OCD. I can discuss this topic with you because I work with people who have this disorder, and I have done my research by reading books and researching the web. Today I’m going to inform you about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder also known as OCD. OCD is a common psychiatric illness that can affect people’s daily lives. Now I’m going to tell you what OCD is and what causes it, the symptoms of OCD, and the treatment for OCD. I. First, let’s discuss what OCD is and what causes it? A. According to the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation OCD is an anxiety disorder, and is characterized by unwanted thoughts which are obsessions, repetitive behaviors which are compulsions, and rituals to satisfy obsession. People with OCD are plagued by recurring and distressing thoughts, fears, or images they cannot control. 1. According to the National Institute of Mental Health OCD affects about 2. 2 Million American Adults. 2. OCD affects men, women, and children, as well as people of all races, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds 3. One-third adults with OCD develop symptoms as children. Unlike adults, however, children with OCD may not realize that their obsessions and compulsions are excessive. B. Experts do not know the exact cause of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Research suggests that there may be a problem with the way one part of the brain sends information to another part. Not having enough of a brain chemical called serotonin. 1. OCD is caused by chemical and brain dysfunction, Genetics, Infection, Depression, and Life. 2. OCD can cause severe anxiety in those affected and involves both obsessions and compulsions in everyday life. Now that we know what OCD is and what causes it, let’s discuss the symptoms of OCD. II. The Symptoms of OCD A. People with OCD have many different symptoms. †¢According to the ADAA, Anxiety and Depression Association of America OCD symptoms are divided into Obsessions (unwanted intrusive thoughts) †¢Constant, irrational worry about dirt, germs, or contamination. . According to the book â€Å"Freedom from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder† contamination is the most common form of OCD. †¢Excessive concern with order, arrangement, or symmetry. †¢Feeling responsible for the safety of others. Compulsions (ritualistic behaviors and routines to ease anxiety or distress) †¢Cleaning- Repeatedly washing hands, or bathing. †¢Checking- Checking to see if the stove is off, or if the door is locked. †¢Hoarding- According to the book â€Å"Overcoming Compulsive Hoarding† is the one element of OCD that is largely known, is Difficulty throwing things away such as rubber bands, bottle caps, or magazines because you feel that you will need it later, or need it â€Å"just in case† †¢Repeating- Inability to stop repeating a name, phrase, or activity. Now that we know what OCD is, and the symptoms of OCD, let’s discuss the treatments for OCD. III. What are treatments for OCD? A. Psychotherapy 1. Teaches a person different days of thinking, behaving, and reacting to situations that help him/her feel less anxious or fearful without having obsessive thoughts on acting compulsively. B. Medication 1. Doctors may prescribe medication to help treat OCD. The most commonly prescribed medications for OCD are anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants. 1. Anti-anxiety meds are powerful and many begin working right away. 2. Anti-depressants are used to treat depression, but they are also helpful for OCD probably more so than anti-anxiety meds.

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Essay -- essays research papers

One of the more significant or essential concepts in my opinion is communication. Communication, the exchange of information is a key concept because when information is shared in a constructive manner there is an opportunity for understanding and even acceptance in most cases. Communication develops a sense of trust and portrays a gesture of sensitivity which usually results in a more positive reaction and cooperation. Open communication is especially important when transition is involved. Communication will enable a smoother transition because all will be aware of the changes taking place and with some explanation may welcome the change due to the greater understanding the communication may have provided. When an organization withholds information it creates havoc and mistrust amongst the members of that organization. Communication may not always be negative; it is just as important to communicate when the information is that of a positive nature. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency relies on each member of the organization’s participation or contribution. An organization must identify what their goals and strategy are and recognize what their strengths and weakness are. They must improve their methods and practices to greater their strengths and evaluate the areas or factors that are preventing or weakening their productivity and overall progress and restructure or eliminate to achieve the organizations goals. This is one area where organizational learning...

JetBlue Airways Corporation Essay

JetBlue Airways Corporation has been a rapidly growing discount airline and biggest success story in the industry by using its strong customer service considerations and low fares to build a solid, growing customer base. Synopsis JetBlue Airways Corporation has established itself as a low-fare passenger airline with a differentiated product and a high-quality customer service. They focus on serving underserved markets and large metropolitan areas that have high average fares. They offer both short-haul and long-haul routes that are point-to-point rather than the ‘hub and spoke† route system that has been adopted by most major U. S. airlines. JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998 and started operations in February 2000. On April 11, 2002 they announced their initial public offering of its common stock. Their base of operations is at New York John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). On February 14, 2003, JetBlue began their West Coast base of operations at Long Beach Municipal Airport, which serves the Los Angeles area. JetBlue currently operates 180 flights per day. Profile and Mission JetBlue’s goal is to be the leading low-fare passenger airline by offering customers a differentiated product and high-quality customer service. JetBlue can offer low-fares due to its low operating costs. Cost per available seat mile was 6. 2 cents as compared to the reported average cost per available seat mile of 9. 58 cents offered by other major U. S. airlines. JetBlue attributes the low unit costs to the high productivity of its assets and employees. Some of the factors that lead to the low unit costs are the efficient utilization of the aircraft, the operation of only one type of aircraft, which is the Airbus A320, with a single class of service, a productive workforce, and low distribution costs. JetBlue has acquired an all-new fleet of aircraft, the Airbus A320. They currently operate 45 (53 by the end of 2003), with plans to order 100 more. These planes are expected to start arriving in mid-2005 with scheduled completion set for 2011. Each Airplane has a single class layout with a wider cabin space than the competitor’s airplanes. In addition, each airplane is equipped with 162 leather seats with free 24-channel satellite T. V. at each seat. The aircraft is fuel-efficient, very reliable, and versatile. JetBlue has established a strong brand that differentiates itself from its competitors as a safe, reliable, low-fare airline. It does not sacrifice its customer service or an enjoyable flying experience to achieve those features. JetBlue has a strong company culture. It achieves this by hiring friendly, helpful, team-oriented, and customer-focused people. JetBlue has positioned itself in New York, the nation’s largest travel market. JetBlue flies out of lighter congested JFK airport, which has allowed it to provide reliable service. JetBlue has 75 exemption slots that would allow them to fly during the congested period; however two-thirds of the flights are scheduled outside of the peak period. The management team at JetBlue has considerable experience in the airline industry. For example, the experience comes from successful-low-cost leaders such as Southwest Airlines and the extensive experience of managing airline operations in the New York area. Finally, JetBlue has a competitive edge with their advanced technology. The use of laptop computers in the cockpit allows the pilot to calculate weight & balance and takeoff performance. Pilots also use the laptops to access manuals in electronic format. JetBlue features ticketless travel and 4 cabin security cameras on each plane. And for further protection, each airplane has a bulletproof cockpit.

A study into the discourses present in schools

This paper will be a theoretically based survey into the discourse of the instruction system and its handiness by a peculiar demographic of students in the instruction system. The purposes of this paper are to derive an apprehension of the function that discourses drama in schools, to recognize the links between discourse, linguistic communication and individuality, to foreground the societal justness issues that arise when some students can non entree the course of study and to suggest back uping and opposing statements for a alteration in lingual codifications in the school environment. In this paper, when adverting the term ‘discourse ‘ , I will mention to the definition used by Gee ( 1990 ) : â€Å" a socially accepted association among ways of utilizing linguistic communication, of thought, feeling, believing, valuing, and of moving that can be used to place oneself as a member of a socially meaningful group or ‘social web ‘ , or to signal ( that one is playing ) a socially meaningful ‘role ‘ . † ( p. 143 ) It will go clear during this paper that discourse is non modestly the words one uses, or the phrases that are understood by peculiar groups. It is the really make-up of what individuality is. Classroom discourse is an of import country of survey because it is the medium by which information from the topics is transferred from the course of study, schools and instructors to the students. It is besides of personal involvement due to experiences of learning at an interior metropolis school, whose population consisted of an above national norm of students from households from a low socioeconomic country of the state, with the bulk of students entitled to free school repasts. From duologues with these students ( both separately and collaboratively in the schoolroom context ) , I realised that there was a distinguishable contrast in the discourse used by both parties. Occasionally inquiries arose from students that were finally a palingenesis of a statement already expressed by myself. This facet of revoicing will be scrutinised, and its importance to classroom discourse emphasised in this piece of work. Further inquiries originating from this experience related to the entree t hese students had to the course of study being taught to them. It was pertinent that the repeat by the students showed a deficiency of apprehension of the linguistic communication used instead than of the value of the content being taught. Was the discourse of the course of study an obstruction to the acquisition of these students? Surely if the student can non understand the instructor ( and every bit if the instructor can non understand the student ) , larning must be impeded. It is my purpose to analyze these differences and understand the links between discourse, individuality and cultural capital of this peculiar demographic of student, the discourse of schools, and the importance of these differences. At the foundation of the apprehension of the discourse of a peculiar individual or group of people, is its links to their distinguishing individuality. Harmonizing to Gee ( 1991, in Mitchell and Weiler, p. 1 ) , discourse encompasses the garb one wears, instructions on how to move, how to talk and taking on specified recognizable functions. It is hence more than merely the idiom one uses, it is all that is used to make an individuality, an ‘identity kit ‘ as competently put by Gee. The functions that one is given are tied to the environment in which they are present, for illustration – locally – the functions assigned to a instructor when they are in the school environment. A instructor will be trained to act, talk, act, think and even frock in a specific manner because that is what the environment demands, differences in these behaviors would foreground non-conformity toward the societal environment, and basically the discourse itself. Similarly, one could propose that kids, harmonizing to their societal groups will utilize a peculiar discourse that relates to that peculiar group ( Bernstein, 1962, p. 33 ) . Identity is per se linked to linguistic communication, as explained by Barker and GalasiA„ski ( 2001, p. 28 ) as a merchandise of civilization â€Å" to which linguistic communication is cardinal † . They besides attempt to help the apprehension of how of import the construct of individuality is to the sense of affinity shared by peculiar groups, such as students. They describe individuality as an thought of belonging or associating to a group of people with which one can place emotionally ( p. 28 ) . This thought is developed by Marshall ( 1990, in Ball, 1990, p. 14 ) when explicating Foucault ‘s doctrine of the ‘subject ‘ , intending â€Å" both being tied to person else by control and dependance, and being tied to one ‘s ain individuality by a scruples or self-knowledge. † Another of import facet that will be explicated is the importance of linguistic communication as a tool to determine a power construction and the barriers that this causes to taking alternate attacks to educating. As highlighted by Gee ( ibid. , p. 2 ) , closely of import to talk about is the manner power is distributed, specifically in a hierarchal nature. This position suggests that disputing the discourse could be viewed as a challenge to the school bureaucratism. Discourses, Compatibility and Access to Education I have briefly outlined the two discourses that are of involvement, to progress this probe it would be relevant to analyze and explain the relationship between the two in a school environment, and finally, if they are compatible. To understand if these two discourses are compatible it is of import to understand some cardinal issues such as entree to peculiar codifications of linguistic communication ( Bernstein, 1962 ) , cultural capital ( Rothstein, 2004, p.19 ) and issues of individuality and willingness to accommodate ( Bernstein, 1958 ) . The course of study and schools in general have a peculiar codification of linguistic communication. Wittgenstein ( 2001, p. 6 ) metaphorically describes words as tools in a tool chest, explicating that merely as a cock or gum may hold different maps, so excessively words may hold assorted utilizations depending upon the context. Hymes and Gumperz ( 1971 in Bernstein, 1971, p. 145 ) conceptualise codification as â€Å" the rule which regulates the choice and organisation of speech events. † Auer ( 1998, p. 38 ) explains the codification of linguistic communication as â€Å" a mechanism of transduction between purposes†¦ and vocalizations, and so between vocalizations and readings. † This is further developed by Littlejohn explicating linguistic communication codification as â€Å" a set of forming rules behind the linguistic communication employed by members of a societal group † ( 2002, p.A 178 ) . Two types of lingual codification are identified: elaborated and restricted ( Bernstein, 1962, p. 32 ) . Basically the difference between the two is based on the trouble of anticipation ( Hymes and Gumperz, 1971, in Bernstein, 1971, p. 145 ) and the scope of options available in the vocabulary ( Bernstein, 1962, p. 32 ) , where they are inversely relative. Elaborated codification is defined as holding an extended scope of options and hence the predictability of the vocabulary is low. â€Å" An detailed codification facilitates the building and exchange of individuated symbols. The verbal planning map associated with this codification promotes a higher degree of structural administration and lexicon choice [ with regard to a restricted codification ] . The readying and bringing of comparatively expressed significance is the major intent of the codification † ( p. 33 ) Conversely restricted codification although differing harmonizing to the societal scene, its vocabulary will be drawn from a sparse scope. The conditions for development of this codification varies but in general is based on a â€Å" common set of closely shared designations, self-consciously held by the members, where immediateness of the relationship is stressed. † ( p. 32 ) Peer groups of kids and striplings are premier illustrations of the demographic that use this organized construction and specific vocabulary choice. It could be argued that these groups prefer the usage of this codification because of the societal facet of their relationships. Bernstein notes the possibility that â€Å" restricted codification facilitates the building and exchange of societal symbols. † ( 1962, p. 33 ) Of peculiar involvement are pupils from the lower categories, due to the manner in which they are raised and live their lives, it is thought that they have less entree to the discourse of instruction. Harmonizing to Rothstein ( 2004 ) those from the lower categories are read to in early childhood less frequently than those who have educated parents, and those who are read to, are non as challenged with the originative inquiries. This consequences in a lower acquaintance with words, impacting upon early acquisition upon school entry, irrespective of the natural ability of the kid to larn ( p. 19 ) . Children and striplings from lower socio-economic backgrounds are premier illustrations of users of restricted codification, nevertheless as detailed codification is more expressed in significance, it is a better method of communicating when trying to supply accounts when there is no old cognition, so more comprehensive accounts can be delivered ( p.34 ) , a state of affairs which reflects favorably to a school environment where students are having the bulk of information for the first clip. As instruction is arguably more appropriately delivered in detailed codification, the consequence is the outgrowth of the discourse job. To back up this Bernstein ( 1962 ) explains that elaborative codification is universalistic with mention to its significance with regard to its theoretical account, i.e. â€Å" it summarises general societal agencies and terminals. † ( p. 33 ) and hence â€Å" merely some people have entree to the codification and to the possible universalistic character of its significances. † ( p. 34 ) . Contrarily, restricted codification is particularistic with mention to its significance with regard to its theoretical account, i.e. â€Å" it summarises local societal agencies and terminals. † ( p. 33 ) therefore â€Å" all people have entree to the codification and to its local condensed significances † ( p. 34 ) . As non all people have entree to elaborative codification, pupils when at school can hold different experiences in footings of the development of their cultural capital ( Hymes and Gumperz, 1971, in Berstein, 1971, p. 143-144 ) a position supported by Rothstein ‘s account of the attainment spread ( Rothstein, 2004, p. 20 ) . Hymes and Gumperz explain that harmonizing to how receptive a kid is to the discourse of instruction, they will see a relative sum of symbolic and societal development ( ibid. ) . Both of these statements are supported by Gould ( 1965 ) , who adds that a restricted codification should non be devalued, as it has the power to unify the user to fellow societal group members and the community – a point besides stressed by Bernstein ( 1962, p. 36 ) – furthermore a alteration of codification alters the cardinal elements of what constructs their societal individuality and world. â€Å" This statement means that educational establishments in a unstab le society carry within themselves estranging inclinations. † ( cited in Bernstein, 1971, p. 136-137 ) . When a member of society is non included in such of import facets of societal life, such as schooling, particularly when it is their right to be so, it raises the issue of societal justness which is defined by Rawls ( 1971 ) : â€Å" the primary topic of justness is the basic construction of society, or more precisely, the manner in which the major societal establishments distribute cardinal rights and responsibilities and find the division of advantages from societal cooperation. † ( p. 7 ) Analyzing this definition of societal justness leads me to oppugn if all schools are so administering the cardinal right of instruction reasonably, and is sufficient advantage provided to those who have inferior entree to the discourse of instruction? Social justness is undeniably an of import public issue in the context of the United Kingdom and England. Tomlinson ( 2005, p. 153 ) evidences this observing the confidence of the Prime Minister in 1997, Tony Blair, plighting that â€Å" The New Labour authorities came to power confirming a committedness to societal justness and to instruction as a means to make a socially merely society. † He besides notes the Prime Minister pulling upon links with societal development, promoting states to be unfastened to difference in 1999 ( ibid. ) . If societal justness in the schoolroom is to be achieved, and if it presently is non due to the impression of the course of study being unaccessible because of the discourse used, should the thought of alteration of lingual codification in the schoolroom be entertained? Keeping in head that linguistic communication is an intrinsic portion of individuality, the effects of enforcing a alteration to something every bit personal as an individuality should be carefully examined before being implemented. Bernstein ( 1958 ) intimates that the lower person ‘s societal strata, the greater opposition they will demo to formal instruction and acquisition, including that this is really a map of the group. His literature besides explains the method of opposition that is likely to be displayed, including, critical jobs of subject, non-acceptance of the values of the instructor, the failure to develop and experience the demand for an extended vocabulary and a penchant for a descriptive instead than an analytical cognitive procedure ( p. 160 ) . As antecedently evidenced the peculiar demographic of student are united due to the discourse they use, combine with this a united negative temperament towards schooling and it can be understood that willingness to talk about displacement from this demographic may be really low. If this scheme has defects, should the inquiry of lingual alteration to the course of study be raised? It seems pertinent that if every bit mentioned all have entree to a restricted lingual codification, and non all have entree to an detailed codification, that a restricted codification is the ideal lingua for learning. Complications with this posit are nevertheless instantly obvious, notably the impact on the quality of the topic cognition being transferred to the student, and the power battle that may ensue in utilizing an inferior strand of linguistic communication. Sing the quality of the teaching method, is it right to suggest for illustration, that in mathematics the word whole number which is rich and really specific in significance, elaborate in codification, be sacrificed for the possibly more accessible figure, from a restricted codification? One could anticipate benefits in pupil attending, and it could be argued that a hapless apprehension is better than no apprehension a t all. Harmonizing to Foucault ‘s rule of discontinuity ( Foucault, 1982, cited in Ball, 1990, p. 2 ) â€Å" We must do allowance for the complex and unstable powers whereby discourse can be both an instrument and an consequence of power, but besides a hinderance, a stumbling block, a point of opposition and a starting point of an opposing scheme. † To develop this, parallels to Auer ‘s account of power when utilizing foreign linguistic communications in other states can be drawn. If a restricted codification is thought of as a foreign minority linguistic communication and the elaborative codification is thought of as the local linguistic communication, a clear power construction can be established. â€Å" it may be said that in a minority linguistic communication context, the minority linguistic communication is the linguistic communication of entry and the bulk linguistic communication that of power. This macro-sociological power so infiltrates the colloquial exchange such that a talker who uses the power linguistic communication ( the bulk linguistic communication ) besides exerts interactive power over his or her co-participant ( s ) . † ( Auer, 1998, p. 236 ) Ball ( 1990 ) describes educational establishments as topographic points which control how discourse is distributed and the entree that persons have to the assorted discourses ( p. 3 ) . The thought of control clearly displays the power that schools have ; one would assume that schools would waver to destruct the barriers that discourse present to forestall the loss of high quality over their students. Hymes and Gumperz ( 1971 ) confirm that there is a discontinuity in footings of discourses that kids from lower socio-economic backgrounds face ( in Bernstein, 1971, p. 144 ) . There is an statement that a kid learns how to be educated by engagement, therefore larning to distinguish between discourses. The kid learns which is appropriate for each societal scene, larning how to believe and move and in consequence larning how to go a pupil ( Hicks, 1996, p. 105 ; Gee, 1990, p. 87 ; Wertsch, 1991 in Miller, 1992, p. 65 ) . This is farther grounds to propose that the posit has mistakes. Revoicing is a technique used by instructors which harmonizing to O'Connor and Michaels ( Hicks, 1996 ) is a â€Å" peculiar sort of reuttering ( unwritten or written ) of a pupil ‘s part – by another participant in the treatment. † ( p. 71 ) Combinations of both restricted and elaborated codification are evidenced in illustration ( 4 ) . Although the illustration is constructed, it is claimed to be a typical illustration of a schoolroom treatment. The instructor uses elaborated codification to reiterate and reenforce a statement made by the pupil, which is in restricted codification. This in consequence exposes the pupils in the schoolroom to both lingual codifications, thereby leting all students listening entree to the treatment. ( 4 ) Student: Well, I think that Smith ‘s work is truly non relevant here because she merely looked at grownups. Teacher: So you agree with Tom so, you ‘re proposing that Smith is irrelevant to the linguistic communication acquisition of immature kids? Student: Yeah. ( p. 71 ) Further analysis of the literature reveals that uncertainnesss remain with this scheme nevertheless. O'Connor and Michaels make clear that there can be an issue with student-teacher apprehension, ensuing in a dislocation in the effectivity of the technique in the lesson, saying that â€Å" If the instructor can non understand what the pupil is proposing in footings of the current undertaking, it will be really hard to integrate that part efficaciously, with or without the revoicing scheme. † ( p. 97 ) Another highlighted quandary is the desire for pupils to non experience patronised ; they understand that if students ‘ statements are invariably recognised but non linked to the academic content, it can be a cause for the pupils to go defeated due to the arch nature of the responses. ( p. 97 ) Decisions The purposes of this paper are to derive an apprehension of the function that discourses drama in schools, to recognize the links between discourse, linguistic communication and individuality, to foreground the societal justness issues that arise when some students can non entree the course of study and to suggest back uping and opposing statements for a alteration in lingual codifications in the school environment. It has been established utilizing the literature that that there are links between discourse and individuality and one of the cardinal facets of discourse is the manner one uses linguistic communication ( Gee, 1990 ) . Two types of lingual codifications are identified by Bernstein ( 1962 ) , restricted and elaborated, stand foring a lower and higher vocabulary complexness severally. It was established that some students, chiefly those from lower socio-economic backgrounds, do non hold entree to academic linguistic communication which is constructed utilizing an detailed codification, as highlighted by Gould ( 1965 ) and Hymes and Gumperz ( 1971 ) , which leads to issues of societal justness. In an effort to look into a possible solution to the jobs of discourse, an analysis of the literature by O'Connor and Michaels ( Hicks, 1996 ) was held, proposing a alteration in discourse from one of the two parties. Although there were some obvious quandaries, viz. the feeling of a loss of power by schools, an apprehension of the revoicing technique used by some instructors intimated that it is sensible to propose that entree to the linguistic communication of schools could be improved without the usage of drastic steps. Further inquiries could be raised approximately predicted power battles that could break out should the balance held with the aid of the two discourses disappear, and about the effects that discourse has on pupil-teacher dealingss. This is an of import issue as the teacher-pupil relationship has a critical impact on the behavior of students in the schoolroom. Harmonizing to Robertson ( 1985, p. 111 ) Wragg et Al. produced a brochure for usage on a instruction pattern which listed of import issues for students, one of which was personal relationships. One could oppugn if efforts to interrupt the discourse barriers would better these relationships. Possibly the most of import inquiry to reply is the consequence on the acquisition of the students, premises on this facet are made by O'Connor and Michaels ( Hicks, 1996 ) stating, â€Å" we assume here that each case of pupil engagement, fostered and scaffolded by the instructor, represents an chance for an increase of acquisition, nevertheless little. † ( p. 64 ) It is of import nevertheless that more research in this field takes topographic point ; it would be good to understand genuinely the troubles faced by both students and instructors due to the assorted discourses present in the schoolroom. A greater apprehension of the schoolroom in footings of the lingual codifications used would profit teaching method and the instruction of the course of study because as evidenced in this piece of work, without lucidity in communicating some students do non hold entree to the course of study. Tim Brighouse in a treatment with Helen Gunter had emphasised the importance of entree and societal justness in instruction. Metaphorically he explained that, every kid has the right to reject instruction but in order to reject it they must foremost hold full entree to it, saying that â€Å" Every kid has the right to reject Beethoven † ( Gunter, 2010 ) .

Genetics2 essays

Genetics2 essays Genetics should be used to improve humans. Genetic alterations would be the most important thing to humans. If you genetically alter a retarded person, you could make them normal. It would cost a lot of money to be genetically altered, but the parents would gladly pay any price to see their child as an acceptable member of society. If you genetically altered a man to be smart when he was an embryo, he could end up inventing a time machine that could change the course of the world. He could end up creating a cure for cancer or AIDS or some other deadly disease. A drawback to that would be that he could take over the world and conquer all with his knowledge. Gene alterations can have very good results. They can prevent diseases like Down syndrome. They can "redesign" defective organisms, prevent heart problems, and prevent people from being deformed. Gene alterations can also change a person from being a boy or a girl when they are embryos. They can determine if someone is handsome or ugly, tall or short, heavy or thin, and even shoe size. These are all of the reasons that I think genetic alterations should be used to improve humans. After reading or skimming through this essay, you should be able to state your own feelings about genetic alterations. Do you think that genetic alterations should be used to improve humans? ...

Tomorrow When The War Began by John Marsden

Tomorrow When The War Began by John Marsden Free Online Research Papers In the tomorrow series by John Marsden, â€Å"Tomorrow when the war began,† seven friends, Ellie, Homer, Lee, Fi, Robyn, Corrie and Kelvin go through a number of devastating problems. There are friendships, relationships and life risking problems. It all started of with a fun little camp in the bushes, but turned out to be something that will turn there lives completely around. Ellie was an important person in the novel. She was the one to firstly think of going out in the bushes and she was also the one that made up mostly the decisions after the invasion. She definitely had grown much more self-confident during the novel, but she isn’t like all teenagers; she will always try to confront humongous challenges. I think she has shown to everyone that she is a person that can confront anything she wants IF she wants to! Homer, another very important person in the novel. He is also like Ellie; he is the leader of the group with Ellie. He also makes all the decisions with Ellie. He is the oldest in the group so that’s why maybe he’s the leader of the group. He finds out that he starts to like Fi, more than he thinks he does, throughout the novel. I think he was a great leader in the group, not only he was really man-like and the oldest, but he shows respect to all the other friends, that he really wants to help them. Fi is the perfect girl or person in the group. She’s been raised in a wealthy family, so she hasn’t gone through much in her life, until the invasion. She started of being the one that was scared the most, until she stood up, and tried to confront all the challenges with the other six friends. She definitely had changed a lot throughout the novel; she has learnt to confront challenges. She has really stood up for herself, showing that she’s not just a girl that can’t to anything, apart from staying home, enjoying herself or playing the piano, she has shown that she can help her friends, and become apart of a group. Lee, also a main character in the novel and is also the smart one in the group. Because he’s the smart one in the group, he thinks up a lot of the ideas for the group. So you can say he also plays an important part in the decision-making. He was shot in the leg during the invasion, but managed to recover from the injury. He also goes through a relationship with Ellie in the novel. You can tell from the novel he has true feelings for Ellie, and he’ll help Ellie in anyway she needs to. In my opinion, I think all the seven friends have gone through a lot. Ellie, Homer, Fi, Lee, Robyn, Chris and Corrie had all shown themselves to everyone that they can be in a team and confront challenges together. So I think they’ve really all done what they can do, they’ve all been in life risking situations but they’ve still managed to stay together, and all help each other, if anyone needs a hand. Research Papers on "Tomorrow When The War Began" by John MarsdenWhere Wild and West MeetThe Fifth HorsemanThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital Punishment

Fascinating Tufted Titmouse Facts

Fascinating Tufted Titmouse Facts The tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) is a small, gray-plumed songbird, easily recognized for the crest of gray feathers atop its head, its big black eyes, black forehead, and its rust-colored flanks. They are quite common throughout the eastern part of North America, so if youre in that geographical region and want to catch a glimpse of a tufted titmouse, it may not be that difficult to find. Fast Facts: Tufted Titmouse Scientific Name: Baeolophus bicolorCommon Names: Tufted titmouseBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 5.9–6.7 inchesWeight: 0.6–0.9 ounce  Lifespan: 2.1–13 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeastern, eastern, and midwestern United States, southern Ontario (Canada)Population: Hundreds of thousands or millionsConservation Status:  Least Concern Description Male and female titmice have similar plumage, which makes identification a little bit easier, and titmice can be tempted to backyard bird feeders, so you may not have to go far at all to see one. Tufted titmice exhibit some distinct physical characteristics that make them easy to identify; these traits are easily spotted under most conditions and are not shared by too many other species within their range. The key physical characteristics to watch for when trying to identify a tufted titmouse include: Gray crestBlack forehead and billLarge, black eyesRusty-orange flanks The characteristics listed above are most useful in confirming that the bird youre looking at is a tufted titmouse. But you can also look for other field marks characteristic of the species, which include: Overall gray color, with darker gray upperparts and lighter gray on breast and bellyLight gray legs and feetMedium-length, gray tail (about one third its entire length, head to tail) Habitat and Distribution Populations of tufted titmice stretch from the East Coast of the United States westward to the Plains of central Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. The highest population densities of tufted titmice occur along the Ohio, Cumberland, Arkansas, and Mississippi rivers. Within their range, there are certain habitats that tufted titmice prefer- they are most common in deciduous and mixed-deciduous forests, especially those with a dense canopy or tall vegetation. Tufted titmice also occur to a lesser extent in suburban areas, orchards, and wetlands and can be spotted at backyard bird feeders on occasion, during the fall and winter months. Diet and Behavior Tufted titmice feed on insects and seeds. They forage on trees and can be seen on trunks and limbs looking for insects in the crevices of the bark. They also forage on the ground. Throughout the year, their preferred foraging locations can change. In summer months they spend more time foraging in the canopy of a tall tree, while in winter they can be spotted on trunks and in shorter trees more often. When cracking open nuts and seeds, tufted titmice hold the seed in their feet and hammer them with their bill. tufted titmice feed on a variety of invertebrates including caterpillars, beetles, ants, wasps, bees, treehoppers, spiders and snails. When feeding at backyard bird feeders, tufted titmice have a fondness for sunflower seeds, nuts, suet, and mealworms. Tufted titmice move along branches and over the ground by jumping and hopping. When flying, their flight path is direct and not undulating. The song of the tufted titmouse is usually a clear, two-syllable whistle: peter peter peter peter. Their call is nasal and consists of a series of sharp notes: ti ti ti sii sii zhree zhree zhree. Reproduction and Offspring Tufted titmice breed between March and May. The female generally lays between five and eight brown-speckled eggs in nests that are 3 to 90 feet high. They line their nests with soft materials such as wool, moss, cotton, leaves, bark, fur, or grass. The female incubates the eggs for 13 to 17 days. Tufted titmice typically have one or two broods each season. The young of the first brood usually help care for the nestlings of the second brood. Most of the hatchlings die shortly after birth, but if they survive, they can live for more than two years. The oldest tufted titmouse on record lived to be 13 years old. The tufted titmouse is fully mature and ready for reproduction by age 1. vandervelden  / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the tufted titmouses conservation status as least concern.  Researchers place the number of tufted titmice in the hundreds of thousands or millions. Their numbers have increased slightly in the past few decades, about 1 percent, and they have moved northward, from the southeastern U.S. to the New England region and Ontario, Canada. Since they are among the larger species of birds, competition is not thought to be a factor, but they may be moving northward to areas where there are more dense populations of trees due to climate change. Sources Tufted Titmouse.†Ã‚  Animal Spot.â€Å"Tufted Titmouse.†Ã‚  Tufted Titmouse - Introduction | Birds of North America Online.Watt DJ. 1972. Comparison of the foraging behaviors of the Carolina Chickadee and Tufted Titmouse in northwestern Arkansas. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Arkansas, Fayetteville.

Time Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money - Essay Example Therefore, to make a certain investment, the opportunity costs should be low (David, 1984). Time value of money shares a direct relationship with the prevailing interests in a market. As the interest rates rise, the value of a dollar today will rise accordingly. When the interest rates follow the decreasing pattern, the value of money also sees a down sliding. This is because the interest rates play a very important part in determining the future value of a lump sum or the present value of a future lump sum; it is dependent on the interest rate. Therefore, they are directly related to each other. There are many other aspects which are related to the time value of money. The future value of an amount of money can also be calculated keeping in mind the time value of money. Making it simpler, the future value of a dollar is the dollar or any other amount that it earns with the help of an interest over a period of time (David, 1984). For example, if $1000 are invested today for an year at 5% interest rate, after an year it will give us $50 dollars and the total received would be $1050. However, if the same amount is invested in the long run for years, compounding will take place and at the end of second year, the interest will be earned on $105. This compounding will go on for the number of years the investment is made. If P is considered the principle amount of money that is invested, i is termed as the interest rate at that time, then the future value of a dollar would be given as P(1+i). When compounding for two years, the equation changes to P(1+i)(1+i) or, FV=P (1+i)n Where P is the principal amount, i is the interest rate and n is the periods for which the investment is made. With increasing interest rates, the future value also keep on increasing. With changing interest rates, the above formula would be applied separately for the different rates. Present Value The present value of a future investment can also be calculated keeping in mind the time value of money. The present value of a future investment is the current value of that payment that is to be received in the future. Discounting is the process that is employed in this case. This is the opposite of finding the future value of a present sum (Gary, 1978). Simply, it is calculated by dividing the future value with the same interest factor which was multiplied in the first case. PV=FV/(1+i)n Where FV is the future value, PV denotes present value, and (1+i)n is the interest factor. In finding out the present value, discounting is being done, therefore, this concept shares and inverse relationship with the time value of money. As the interest factor that determines the time value of money is divided, the value of the present value decreases resulting in the inverse relationship. Opportunity Costs Opportunity costs are the benefits that a person is giving away in spending the money in a certain kind of way. In other words, it is the benefit lost in choosing one alternative over another alternative. For this to be true, the opportunity costs should be really low for an alternative to be chosen. Higher the opportunity costs, lesser are the chances that the alternative may be chosen by a risk aversive personality. It can be termed as the basic relationship that exists between shortage and selection. Rule of '72 Rule of '72 is a simple mathematical shortcut that is used in finance in order to find out when

Should monetary policy be made by rule rather than by Essay

Should monetary policy be made by rule rather than by discreation(macroeconomic) - Essay Example Both the rules and discretion need to be analysed in terms of the stability in economy and the inflation targets. While rules determine the inflation sequence, discretion determines the full employment that is lacks in rules. Rules, however maintains the inflation in a statistical fashion, and helps in operating the economy in a definite and expected way. Economists supporting rules argue that the Central Bank will work independently without the political influences, where as those who raise hands for discretion argues that the increasing rate of interest and unemployment will be monitored can controlled by discretion. As a result, the Federal will meet a circumstance to work freely within the given allocations. The central banks consider rules as inflexible but at the same time rules will eliminate the mistakes, by demanding the Central Bank to work within the policy requirements. Where as the discretion based policy will enable the Federal Reserve Bank to act will full freedom within the given limit. In the case of rule, based monetary policies the rate of unemployment and the inflation remains linked in a statistical proportion and the rules will lead to high inflation rates that in turn will result in increase in unemployment. Though some supporters favour employment productivity, their main target seems to be fixed towards increasing production and distribution to continue with a economic growth rather than improving the labour market. Milton Friedman supports a rules based policy, because he stresses on the point that rules will have a constant growth of money. Friedman [1968] argues that a discretion based monetary policy will put efforts to bring out less inflation rates and full em ployment, but this will consequently result in increase in inflation rates and unemployment as well. The rules advocated by Friedman [1968, 1972, 1992] was aimed at balancing the stability in accordance with the production level. The

Strategic bombing campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic bombing campaign - Essay Example One aspect was that the strategic bombing campaign â€Å"did hut morale [of the Nazi leadership] severely, and the leadership, drawing on its belief that Germany had lost the war because of a collapse of civilian morale, cast its response in accordance with a popular mood that demanded retaliation.† Martel has described the air campaign by the Allied forces in the World War II as â€Å"remorseless† which points to the intensity of those air attacks and causalities that were caused. The air attacks were so exhaustive that by October 1945, only a few rail tracks and similar, less sensitive targets, were remaining to be bombed. The â€Å"most damaging single raid† in the war prior to the use of atom bombs was the bombing carried out in Tokyo which killed around 80,000 people and also destroyed about 300000 buildings. It was a fact that, â€Å"within areas devastated by attacks, substantial slowdowns in production occurred.† Murray and Millet have also reveale d that the production of war-related materials in Germany was retarded by the air strikes. The air raids from the side of Japanese forces were also having their impact on the resistance power of Britain as well. It was reported that, in Britain, as early as in â€Å"1940 air raid shelters in big cities were becoming distressingly full of poor, chronically sick, homeless old people who had nowhere else to go.† Hence, it can be seen that the impact has been mutual. Yet, Japan and Germany were greatly paralyzed by the bombings. Germany’s military traffic was greatly affected.

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example Therefore, these issues need to be resolved at governmental as well as individual level. The United States has had an extensive history of diversity. Diversity has permeated in every aspect of the society of United State and there is no sign of it getting decreased. The new phenomenon which I learnt is the basic reason of cultural diversity, which is Immigration. Migration of people from all over the world has made America the most diversified country ever. People from every community, country and state are living in America. The cultural history of United States tells that the country has never been so much diverse until the last two decades. From the past 20 years, United States has undergone several challenges in managing with diversity. Inability to understand the diversified cultural languages, rituals, beliefs and heritage has become a major obstacle in the way of inclusion. Orientation of diversity includes interaction, experience and individual understanding with diverse culture. In the past few decades, millions of people migrated to America in the search of better life, job and security. Migrations of millions of people including Asians, Hispanics, African-American has caused great diversity in the states of America. According to an urban sociologist, Robert Lang, by 2050, Americans would look back and think that it wouldn’t be a big deal to control the immigration and diversity controversies. A demographer at Brookings Institution, William Frey, says that by looking at the current situation, the population of white people in next twenty years cannot be appreciated. According to his predictions, there are greater chances for America in future to have population comprising of all ethnicities and races. The realm of diversity in United States continues to grow as the time passes on. The reasons due to which practitioners are concerned to the issue of

Art Criticism Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Criticism Paper - Essay Example It stimulates different parts of our brains to act in a particular way and it gives us a way to be creative and express ourselves.Basically, art plays a very significant role in our daily lives. It is a form of communication that uses the aid of symbols and pictures that depict various meanings in our social lives. A critical analysis of the first picture, (brothers of fire) depicts that there is an element of unity and love in various images shown. However, it must be noted that different meanings of symbols are culture specific. They mean different things depending on the cultural values of any given society. In the picture given, the images of clasping hands which are symbolic to different cultures are the most captivating and they depict different meanings. In most cases shaking of hands is a sign of greeting each other and is symbolic of love and affection. There is an element of unity and brotherhood whenever different people greet each other. People often greet each other in many different ways using their hands and it may vary from one society to the other. Greeting each other with a sign of bringing to contact clenched fists is typical of Rastafarians and is often associated with the notion of â€Å"one love† and â€Å"peace† which characterises their religion. There are however, different interpretations that are often associated with this gesture depending on the cultural background that often determine moral values of a particular group. Normally, in the world of Christianity, clasping both hands in the upward direction is a sign of offering a prayer to the lord while in some sections of the society it is a sign of paying tribute to someone. It is a sign of showing respect and honour. On the other hand, a sign showing only one finger and thumb pointing in the front direction is often associated with paying homage to someone and

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example Therefore, these issues need to be resolved at governmental as well as individual level. The United States has had an extensive history of diversity. Diversity has permeated in every aspect of the society of United State and there is no sign of it getting decreased. The new phenomenon which I learnt is the basic reason of cultural diversity, which is Immigration. Migration of people from all over the world has made America the most diversified country ever. People from every community, country and state are living in America. The cultural history of United States tells that the country has never been so much diverse until the last two decades. From the past 20 years, United States has undergone several challenges in managing with diversity. Inability to understand the diversified cultural languages, rituals, beliefs and heritage has become a major obstacle in the way of inclusion. Orientation of diversity includes interaction, experience and individual understanding with diverse culture. In the past few decades, millions of people migrated to America in the search of better life, job and security. Migrations of millions of people including Asians, Hispanics, African-American has caused great diversity in the states of America. According to an urban sociologist, Robert Lang, by 2050, Americans would look back and think that it wouldn’t be a big deal to control the immigration and diversity controversies. A demographer at Brookings Institution, William Frey, says that by looking at the current situation, the population of white people in next twenty years cannot be appreciated. According to his predictions, there are greater chances for America in future to have population comprising of all ethnicities and races. The realm of diversity in United States continues to grow as the time passes on. The reasons due to which practitioners are concerned to the issue of

Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rome - Essay Example Plagues and floods took their toll. More crucially, the aqueducts which had formed the backbone of the efficient and complex water supply system that served most of Rome fell into disrepair after barbarian raids, leading to the population shrinking towards the river Tiber and around the Campus Martius, and falling to less than 50,000 people. Into this situation the popes of Rome stepped in, creating a serviceable network of churches and ecclesiastical institutions in order to govern the city. The city was thus introduced to Christianity and soon laid claims to being the most important Christian spiritual center. But the Church was not alone in wanting to govern Rome. By 552CE, Rome came to be occupied by the Byzantine empire, and thus began a conflict of interest between the church and the Byzantine regime that was to last for the next few centuries. Under the Byzantine rule, trade, commerce and administration deteriorated, and Rome became a shadow of its former self. The Byzantine emperor Constans II visited Rome in 663 CE, only to strip the city of all its metal from buildings and statues in order to make armaments. The Byzantine city of Constantinople soon emerged to usurp all the commercial successes of Rome, and its former influence in trade in Europe and Asia. With the decimation of the aristocratic class of Rome, a huge market of luxurious goods eventually disappeared taking away prosperity from the common people of Rome, many of whom had found jobs in the trade or manufacture of luxury items. A lot of the famous Roman skills in artisanship also disappeared due this lack of market. More and more people began leaving Rome. Trade in Rome also suffered due to insecure road and maritime travel at the mercy of Germanic and barbarian tribes in what was left of the mighty Roman empire. After Pope Gregory I took over in the 6th century and began to exert more influence than the Byzantine imperial exarchs, the populace of Rome got divided into the clergy, nobility, soldiers, and the lowest class, thus introducing a sphere of Christian influence in socio-political scenario in Rome. But the Church and its members that wanted to govern Rome along with the Byzantian empire were more interested in self-aggrandizement than in the benefit of the city itself, having become too used to the luxurious ways of the erstwhile Roman elite. Even before the fall of Rome, the popes had concentrated their energies in developing their own domain at the eastern edge of the city far away from other Roman habitations, called the Lateran. It is to Lateran that the church limited most of its activities in Rome largely ignoring the disrepair to which the city gradually fell. The pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Peter, where the saint's holy remains were supposed to have been interred, became a sort of commercial activity around which a suburb developed after a fashion, but even the visiting pilgrims who came to pay their homage failed to make any difference to the state of Rome and its gradual decline. Even after the suzerainty of Rome to the Byzantine empire was formally over in the 800CE with the crowning of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, the papacy was not able to consolidate its hold over the city, and the Arabs sacked

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin Essay Benjamin Franklin is a notable figure in American history and perhaps one of the most recognizable in name and appearance. Franklin was one of the most important people during the early years of the nation because of his involvement with the Declaration of Independence and the diplomatic and political advances he made during his life as a citizen of the new United States of America. Known for his curious mind, Franklin is also remembered for his many scientific contributions to the field of Physics. While many people would say that George Washington is the father of this country, there is a good argument that Benjamin Franklin should hold the title in the history books. Why? Because he is the only founding father to have signed the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris, and the Constitution, and it is these three documents as a whole that created the United States as its own nation apart from Great Britain and established its place in the world. Without his ability to be diplomat, his political sense, and his scientific advancements, the United States would have likely never become the nation that it is today and for this reason, Franklin is destined to have a place in American history. Benjamin Franklin was, for all intents and purposes, first and foremost a shrewd and successful politician. During his political life he accomplished a great deal of important things. One of the most notable of Franklin’s political dealings was his absolute disapproval of the Stamp Act and he was at the head of the effort to have it repealed by Parliament. He was appointed by the Continental Congress to the committee that would draft the Declaration of Independence and was in fact the person that edited it. In his later years, he was part of the committee that created the United States’ Constitution and was single-handedly able to help the unhappy delegates come to a compromise and helped, through an impassioned speech, get them to sign it. In his last years he was also known for being a dedicated abolitionist and spent a great deal of political energy asserting this cause. Throughout his life, his writings and activism helped establish the United States as an American nation. In fact, he is credited with having inventing the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat, Benjamin Franklin was well-liked and received by other nations because of his friendly nature, his intelligent conversation, and his ability to connect with people on a different level. His most notable diplomatic accomplishment was the Treaty of Paris, which helped establish the United States as a separate and equal nation. Franklin was well-liked by the French because he was able to quickly understand the customs of the people and used his ability to negotiate over the dinner table to effectively make connections with the French. Throughout his life, Franklin would be known as an accomplished diplomat for the United States. As a scientist, Franklin’s accomplishments are well known by Americans. Franklin was an inventor who enjoyed trying out new ideas and coming up with new scientific ideas. Among his inventions were the lightening rod, the glass harmonica, and bifocal glasses. His experiments with electricity were among his most well-known and became important contributions to Physics. He also founded the American Philosophical Society, where men of science would get together and discuss their inventions and scientific research. Throughout his life, his greatest love would be science and his study of electricity. Benjamin Franklin is perhaps the most important of the founding fathers because his contributions to the country went far beyond simply serving as president or fighting in a war. Franklin was able to use his ability to work with others, be diplomatic, and his intelligence to help create the nation that he envisioned. He not only helped the United States break away from England, but was there to help the American people gain status in the world at large and to help create the Constitution that would be the foundation of American society. His accomplishments in science and his founding of the American Philosophical Society helped bring science and culture to a fledgling nation that was trying to find its own way. For this he will always be remembered as the Father of the country. Bibliography Benjamin Franklin. Wikipedia. 29 Jan. 2007 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin#Inventions_and_scientific_inquiries.

Economic Effects Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Economic Effects Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Water pollution is ever more becoming a big problem that the human population needs to seriously look at. Water is the most valuable resource that we have and all living things cant go for long without it. 70% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water but apparently only 3% of it is fresh and fit for human consumption. Of that 3%, 75% of it is frozen; leaving a mere 1% of the earths surface water which is available for consumption. Some of the major sources of water pollution include agricultural pollution, organic pollution, toxic waste, runoff and thermal pollution. In modern times, organic pollution has been on an upward trend to the environment and this is heavily because of the growing population the world is witnessing. One will find in a developed city, that there are so many people that the environment sewerage plants and sewerage plants are not able to take in all the waste and at the same time, function in its usual way. The excess waste becomes food for the algae and this increases their growth rate and thus depletes oxygen in the water. In order to combat diseases and combat the extinction of plant and animal life, which play a big part in the economy, water pollution should be put under control. It has been estimated that it is the lead cause of deaths and diseases in the world. To control water pollution steps need to be taken like treatment of domestic sewage, which apparently contains 99.9% of pure water, industrial waste water treatment, done through pollution prevention process, agricultural waste water treatment through point and non point source control system and many other ways. Research question Does water pollution really have an effect on the economy? Significance This proposal aims at looking at the various ways that can be used to prevent water pollution and to establish the ways that are most efficient and economically viable. This will be done by clearly looking at all the methods that can be used to prevent water pollution and their workability. The importance of so doing is to look at the cost effective method than can be used and how well the method works. Literature Review This research proposal aims at looking at the different types of water pollution i.e. point source pollution and the non-point source pollution, the causes i.e. pathogens, chemical and other contaminants, thermal pollution and also to look into details the different methods that are used to reduce or eliminate water pollution i.e. domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater, construction site stormwater, urban runoff (Parks, 2007). Previous research During the summer of 1971, at a filtration plant in Chicago south, the filters were blocked with a lot of algae that they hand to be removed by hand. The water tasted and smelled like dead fish and this led to the addition of a lot more chlorine in order for the water to be drinkable. If this can happen to such big lakes like Lake Michigan then all the lakes out there are not safe. To stop this from happening better systems to treat sewage need to be devised. New systems that take raw sewage and turn it into usable water have been developed, however it is only done on a small scale basis. A research done by Pulitzer centre found out that more than 900 million people in the world do not have access to clean water everyday and that 4500 people die each day due to waterborne illness. People spend a lot of time on a daily basis to fetch clean water, taking time away from more economically productive education and work. This is despite the fact that unlike most crises around the world, sa nitation and clean water can be achieved at affordable prices and the reward of the venture is impressive. METHODOLOGY There are two types of water sources, ground water and surface water and they both have different pollutants. Some of the sources of surface water pollution include: Point source pollution- This refers to a single recognizable source of water pollution and the contaminants enter the channel through passages such as a ditch or a pipe. This can be done through discharges from a factory, stormwater or a sewage line. From the book written by S.K. Agarwal, he says that much of the pollution in our rivers is caused by human activities which are not controlled causing accelerated flow of soil minerals from the land to the rivers. He says that point source water pollution can be prevented by ensuring that the water coming from factories and sewerage systems is well treated before being released into rivers and other water bodies. Non-point source pollution-This refers to pollution that does not originate from one discrete source. It is mostly summative contamination effect of little amounts of contaminants which gather from a large area. An example is the runoff of nutrient in storm water or storm water that is washed off from roads, parking areas or highways. Some of these discharges may contain harmful pollutants that may mix with clean water and make it harmful to plants and living organisms. This can be prevented by channeling the run off to other places where it can be treated before being released to water bodies. Ground water pollution-This is not easily categorized as surface water pollution. Groundwater aquifers are at risk of contamination from sources that may not openly affect surface water bodies Causes of water pollution The precise contaminants that lead to pollution in water include a wide range of chemicals, pathogens, and tangible or sensory changes such as increased temperature and discoloration. Even though most of the substances and chemicals that are found may be naturally occurring (sodium, calcium, manganese, etc.) the concentration is often determines what is a normal composition of water, and also what is a contaminant. Substances that deplete oxygen may be natural materials, such as plant matter like leaves and grass, as well as artificial matter like chemicals. Other natural substances may cause turbidity which occurs as cloudiness blocking light and disrupting plant growth, and clogging the gills of some fish genus. Many of the chemical matter are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne ailment in either humans or animals. Modification of waters physical chemistry includes change in pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and eutrophication. This is an increase in the intensity of chemical nutrients in an ecological unit to a level that increases in the primary productivity of the ecological unit. Depending on the quantity of eutrophication, subsequent destructive environmental effects such as oxygen depletion and rigorous reductions in water quality may occur, distressing fish and other animal populations (Parks, 2007). BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES: Virus, Bacteria, and Parasites Ages ago, waterborne diseases caused a lot of deaths. Even today in underdeveloped nation, an anticipated 25,000 people will pass away daily from waterborne diseases. Consequences of waterborne microbes can be instant and overwhelming. Therefore, microbes are the most significant consideration in making water up to standard for human consumption. Generally speaking, current municipal supplies are rather free from unsafe organisms because of regular disinfection with chlorine and recurrent sampling. This does not imply that municipal water is free of all bacteria. People with personal wells and undersized rural water systems have a greater reason to be alarmed about the possibility of microorganism contagion from animal waste, septic containers, and many other problems. In California, there is a little district, where 4,000,000 gallons of urine is taken up by the ground daily from dairy cows! Powers that be claim that nearly 4000 cases of waterborne illnesses are accounted every year in the U.S. They also approximate that much of the temporary ills and day by day gastrointestinal malady that go usually unreported can be accredited to organisms located in our water supplies. INORGANIC IMPURITIES: Total Dissolved Solids These substances include dissolved rock particles and other compounds from the ground. The existence and quantity of total dissolved particles in water characterizes a point of controversy among those who endorse water treatment products. The consequences of higher levels of Total Dissolved Solids in water include: High TDS water is always less thirst quenching. High TDS results in undesirable flavor which could be bitter, salty or metallic. High TDS hinders the flavor of foods and drinks, resulting to them not being pleasing to consume. Some of the entity mineral salts that build up TDS can cause an assortment of health hazards. The most problematic are Sodium, some Nitrates, Sulfates, Copper, and also Barium. Dirt and Sediment or Turbidity Most waters have some suspended elements which may be made up of clay, fine and sometimes rough sand, different grades of soil, and precipitated salts in general. Turbidity is nasty to see, and it can also be a source of food and place to stay for microorganisms, and can get in the way of effective disinfection. Radioactivity As much as trace amounts of radioactive elements can be obtained in almost all drinking water, intensities that pose serious health hazards are reasonably rare. Radioactive wastes percolate from mining processes into groundwater supply. The maximum threat is posed by nuclear processing plants, nuclear mishaps, and radioactive waste discarding sites. As containers having these wastes weaken with time, the risk of contaminating our aquifers grows by the day. ORGANIC IMPURITIES: Herbicides and Pesticides The growing use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture can be seen in our drinking water. Irrigation and Rain bring these fatal chemicals down into the groundwater and also into surface waters. There are approximately 100,000,000 inhabitants in the US who depend on groundwater for supply entire or part of their drinking water. The way our dependence upon groundwater is increasing, so is its contagion. Our own domestic use of herbicide and pesticide substances also adds to real contamination. These same chemicals can bring about respiratory, circulatory and nerve disorders (Parks, 2007). Tastes and Odors If the water you use has a disagreeable taste or odor, there is a chance that it is due to one or even more of numerous unrefined substances ranging from rotting vegetation to algae; phenols to hydrocarbons. It can also be TDS or a host of other items. Effects of water pollution Water borne diseases Human communicable diseases are some of the gravest effects of water contamination, particularly in growing countries, where hygiene may be insufficient or non-existent. Waterborne diseases come about when parasites or other disease-causing microbes are transmitted through contaminated water, particularly water tainted by pathogens starting off from excreta. These may include intestinal vermin, typhoid, and even most of the enteric and diarrhea diseases that are caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Some of the gravest parasitic diseases are ascariasis, amoebiasis, and even hookworm (Parks, 2007). Even developed countries are not resistant to the crisis of infectious waterborne diseases. In the year 1993, there was a high cryptosporidium level in Milwaukees drinking water delivery that sickened more than 400,000 people. It was an extreme case, but diffusion of infection agents such as bacteria and cysts through contaminated but poorly treated public water is even more regular than it should be. Each year, approximately seven million Americans are made sick by tainted water. This is just partly because of drinking water-pollution of recreational water, like the beach water and swimming pools, is also a predicament. Nutrient pollution The emancipations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that come from waste disposal, agriculture, coastal expansion, and fossil fuel application. Once the nutrient contamination reaches the coastal zone, it encourages harmful overgrowths of algae, which can have straight toxic effects and in the end result in low-oxygen conditions. There are certain types of algae which are poisonous. Overgrowing of these algae may result in risky algal flourish, which are frequently referred to as red tides .Zooplankton eat the poisonous algae and start passing the toxins up the food series and affect edibles like clams, and eventually working their way up to seabirds, aquatic mammals, and humans. The result can be sickness and sometimes death (Agarwal, 2005). Urbanized countries have started checking for toxic algal blooms, shutting fisheries as necessary. This has been able to reduce the frequency of related human illness but has also had the obvious economic charge of lost income for fishers and other related businesses-and it does nothing to solve the trouble for the oceanic life stuck in the center of the red tide. Lastly, nutrient pollution can set off unusual outbreaks of fish diseases. For instance, experts have found out that Pfiesteria, a tiny aquatic pathogen, can prosper in nutrient-polluted waters. In the year 1991, it is estimated that at least a million menhaden fish in North Carolina, were swiped out in a Pfiesteria epidemic. Again in 1997, numerous tidal creeks in the Chesapeake Bay watershed got a Pfiesteria epidemic, and grave fish kills occurred creating a huge dent in the economy. Nutrient pollution is believed to have played a role in the two cases. Chemical pollution. In the years, several types of chemicals have gotten into our watercourse -and still continue to do so to date. Chemical pollution of water usually occurs because the chemicals were discarded into the water deliberately; the chemicals oozed into streams, groundwater, or rivers because of weakening pipes or storage containers; the chemicals disastrously tainted waterways because of industrial accidents; The pollution developed out of polluted air or was brought on out of polluted air. Chemicals were leached out of polluted earth. The kinds of chemical contamination above are regarded as point sources of pollution of water. On the other hand Non-point-source chemical contamination also happens through pesticide runoff from farm lands and homeowners lawns, as well as overflow of vehicle fluids and other different chemicals from parking bays, tarmac roads, driveways, and many other surfaces (Burk, 2005). In regard to general human wellbeing effects, pesticides can Distress and injure the nervous system; Cause injury to the liver; Damage DNA and be the root of a assortment of cancers; Cause reproductive damage; Cause additional severe toxic effects. Petroleum and Oil Chemicals As oil contamination gets into water, some of the compositions are tarnished and detached by photochemical processes, evaporation, and even bacterial degradation, while others can be more challenging and may persist on for many years, especially in low waters with muddy sediments. Experts know that oil or the chemical components of it can seep into marshland and sub-tidal sediments and stay there for decades, harmfully affecting marine worms, marsh grasses, and other marine life that live around or in the sediment. Conclusion The tap water quality is synchronized, and almost 100% of communal water systems in the United States are meeting the set clean drinking water standards. But this is not good enough because many people are still persuaded its worth buying water that is bottled. Even when the Environmental Working Group did tests on tap water from a number of urban areas, it found around 119 allegedly normal chemicals-some of which the EPA has put health-based restrictions-and another 141 totally unfettered chemicals. If tap water has those many chemicals in it but can still be classified as meeting water quality values, one might say that the standards not up to date. In all regards, it is fair to say that tap water usually has a some what strong chlorine taste. Chlorine and its disinfecting byproducts are known to be health threats, and no one wants to be the casualty of the next cryptosporidium-in-drinking-water crisis or some similar horror (Tripathi Pandey, 2009). Therefore it is no wonder that many of us go to the extra expenditure and trouble of buying bottled water or filtering tap water, even if there are no set of laws that guarantee those approaches will be able to offer water which is safer. People should not agree to this situation passively. It is costing us a lot of money. The income for bottled water is approximately $12 billion in a year-in the United States alone. And on top of that, you can add the money for filters for the kitchen-sink water. Put in the additional fuel use associated with built-up, packing, and transportation of these goods, and we find that the cost of avoiding tap water that is polluted is rather soaring. We had not even counted the health costs connected to waterborne ailments and other health complication because of water pollution. What if we as a people were to spend just half of this money as an alternative to addressing the basis of water pollution? It could go a extensive way toward putting in place old water treatment plants; funding the restoration wetlands and efforts of monitoring watershed; and tightening the enforcement laws that govern clean water.

Nike Inc and Sweatshops Essay -- Nike vs Human Rights

Table of Content: †¢ Introduction †¢ Case study analysis †¢ Facts which impact the decision : †¢ Choices/Alternatives †¢ Stakeholder †¢ How do the alternatives impact society? †¢ How do the alternative impact business? †¢ How do the alternatives impact me, as a decision maker? †¢ How ethical or unethical would be each of my alternatives? †¢ What course of action should be taken? †¢ Conclusion †¢ Recommendations †¢ References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Introduction: This paper will give a brief introduction about the history of Nike Sweatshops which will shed the light on their public image and their manufacturing process. It will further move to the suggested alternatives, what facts impact them, their stakeholder and their impact on the economic as well as social basis. In the end, it will discuss if the given choices are legal and ethical or not. Nike’s sweatshop manufacturing practices which can be seen through media have shown people that this company goes under the good guys images, these images which are displayed in their commercials show people that their employees are treated well and their happy in their working environment. In addition, Nike is a worldwide known company and it is among the top empires just as Adidas and Puma. It has more than 900 factories which are located in an estimated 50 countries, they also have more than 660 000 workers which most of them are women. However, although they have a lot of factories around the world, their main manufacture factories are located in China, Indonesia, and Vietnam which are basically countries with the most minimum salaries rate given to the workers. Nike chooses these locations for their production of their merchandise because of the cheap ... ...orkers †¢ Employees must make their voice heard through speak up sessions to talk directly to the directors of Nike about their concerns †¢ Consumers must be aware of the changes that might occur in Nike through media and social awareness References Alternative to sweatshops. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/fairtradelabor/about-us-5 O'Rourke, D. (2001, Feburary 27). To fix sweatshop conditions in factories, we must listen to workers. Retrieved from http://nature.berkeley.edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed.html Nike case study. (2012, September 09). Retrieved from http://professional-ethics-articles.blogspot.ae/2012/09/nike-case-study.html Pittman, B. (2012, September 14). Nike sweatshop history: Should action be taken?. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/americanlaborcrises/labor-crises/nike-sweatshop-action

Protecting American Jobs

Protecting American Jobs For the past two decades Americans have been getting laid off because their jobs are being transferred offshore. â€Å"Advances in technology and low-cost telecommunications now mean that a computer programmer, data entry specialist, or help-desk operator answering calls for a U. S. company can work as easily from India or the Philippines as from Iowa–and save parent companies some 30 percent to 70 percent in costs† (Otterman, 2004). This poses the question should the government protect American jobs by imposing stiff penalties on companies that transfer jobs offshore by outsourcing or manufacturing.No, stiffer taxes are not going to significantly effect the number of jobs that are being transferred off shore due to outsourcing. Instead the United States government needs to lower the average tax rate on multinational corporations and fix the loopholes that are currently being used to avoid paying these corporate taxes. For years American compani es have been scrutinized for outsourcing their jobs by off shoring. Even though this has been going on for the past twenty or more years it is being brought to light even more now since our country is in a recession.There are many reasons companies choose to outsource off shore. One of the main reasons is cost savings, many developing countries are more affordable for American companies to operate in because an employee that may cost $50 and hour in America might only cost about $5 an hour in a developing country. Companies are not just off shoring for cost benefits but also for the fact that many other countries have many educated and highly skilled workers who can perform jobs that are needed overseas. Business can also operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week by taking advantage of the offshore workers.When it is 6 p. m. in New York it is 6 a. m. in Singapore. Americans want that 24 hours a day 7 days a week customer service when they are having problems with things like their comput er. Outsourcing offshore also makes it a lot easier for companies to sell goods and services in a global market when they are producing them there and can reach their customers more quickly and effectively. Technological possibilities are another reason companies are choosing to offshore American jobs. Since many service jobs do not require face-to-face interaction they are able to erform these jobs from wherever is needed (Popwell, 2010). Many argue that the government should protect American jobs by imposing stiff penalties on companies that transfer jobs offshore by outsourcing or manufacturing. They claim off shoring has laid off thousands of American workers who will not be able to find other work unless they learn new skills. They also claim that off shoring is a major contributor to the United States 9 percent unemployment rate (United States Department of Labor, 2011).But they are only supporting their claims by the fact that they think companies are only off shoring for cos t incentives. Where as stated before there are many other reasons companies outsource offshore and many ways to make up for the job losses. Those who oppse the government protecting American jobs with stiff penalties for off shoring recognise that yes, cost savings is a big incentive for a company to outsource off shore, but there are also many more reasons that comapanies should opperate on a global scale that out weigh the loss of jobs in America. Thea Lee, policy director for the AFL-CIO, says much of the economic data supporting the link between overseas investment and domestic job growth fails to distinguish between foreign investment used to serve market demand for U. S. goods and services and foreign investment used to buy cheaper labor abroad† (Wolverson, 2011). So when looking at the total number of American jobs that have been outsourced off shore we also have to stop and think about how many of them were for market demand to better serve us and how many of them real ly were outsourced because it was cheaper.People also have to remember that companies have to try and find ways to make the both the consumer and the investors happy. Consumers want the best quality at the lowest price and the investors want to see a high profit, so to do that companies have to find the middle ground. Which means they have to find the best solution for everyone even if it means outsourcing jobs offshore because it more cost effective for the company. According to Jagdish N. Bhagwati, â€Å"employing workers at lower cost allows U.S. companies to be more efficient and productive, permitting them to create the same amount of goods with fewer resources. In turn, this lowers the price of the goods in the United States, strengthening U. S. companies and freeing workers for other tasks. The savings allows U. S. companies to stay afloat and expand in a highly competitive global market† (Otterman, 2004). Outsourcing is not always a bad, it is a change, and change is what pushes both our economy and our nation forward.Another good point that has been made is, the average global tax rate on multinational corporations is about 27 percent, compared to 39 percent in the United States (Wolverson, 2011). Given this information it would seem that instead of penalizing our multinational corporations for increasing international trade, maybe the United States government should focus more on bring in multinational corporations from other countries. This would not only create more jobs in the untied states to compensate for the ones that are being lost overseas but also stimulate more international trade. A 2008 OECD study found that foreign direct investment increases by 3. 7 percent for every one percentage point decrease in the corporate tax rate, and that, as cross-border capital flows increase, foreign direct investment is increasingly swayed by countries' tax rules† (Wolverson, 2011). We should be focusing on how to get more multinational corpo rations into the United States instead of focusing on how to hold back our multinational corporations. Along with lowering the average tax rate on multinational corporations the government should also fix the loopholes that exist.This way all multinational corporations will be taxed the same instead of some getting taxed the full 39 percent, while the others are using loopholes and hardly pay any taxes. Even in president Obama’s 2011 State of the Union address he called congress to simplify the system by getting rid of corporate loopholes so they can level the playing field and aid in the country’s competiveness and growth potential. To further support this, in an article from NationalJournal. com â€Å"many economists say that the corporate tax code is a mess and overdue for a clean-up.The code riddled with inefficiencies, creating perverse incentives for companies to invest overseas and waste money on elaborate tax-reduction strategies. Business supporters say a ove rhaul could eliminate the misguided incentives, lower tax rates, and attract more capital to the U. S. Some liberal critics also support reform, saying the current system is so tangled that it doesn't even do a good job of raising revenue† (Fernholz, 2011). Corporate tax breaks cost the federal government about $1. 1 trillion annually (Wolverson, 2011).If the government decided to really follow through with this corporate tax reform it could really help stimulate the economy and help to create new jobs help not only the 9 percent national unemployment rate go down but could also help create jobs for the people who lost their jobs due to off shoring. Overall the government should not be focusing on protecting American jobs that are being transferred offshore by outsourcing or manufacturing. Instead they should be working to close loopholes to even out the amount of taxes companies are paying.While also working to lower the average tax rate on multinational corporations to make outsourcing to the United States more desirable to multinational corporations in other countries. Word Count: 1419 Works Cited Fernholz, T. (2011, January 24). NationalJournal. com. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Obama Team Wants Business Buy-In on Corporate Tax Reform. Otterman, S. (2004, February 20). TRADE: Outsourcing Jobs. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Council on Foreign Relations: http://www. cfr. org/pakistan/trade-outsourcing-jobs/p7749 Popwell, N. (2010, October 27).Offshore Outsourcing: The Controversy Over Moving Jobs Overseas. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Ezine Articles: http://ezinearticles. com/? Offshore-Outsourcing:-The-Controversy-Over-Moving-Jobs-Overseas&id=5253123 United States Department of Labor. (2011, February 4). Economic News Release. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Bureau of Labor Statustics: http://www. bls. gov/news. release/empsit. nr0. htm Wolverson, R. (2011, February 11). Outsourcing Jobs and Taxes. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Cou ncil on Foreign Relations: http://www. cfr. org/united-states/outsourcing-jobs-taxes/p21777

Christian Counseling Notes

I. The Possibility of Change A. Unbridled Pessimism (Cavanaugh) B. Exuberant Optimism (Mahoney) C. The Balanced Truth II. The Potential of Change: Series of Questions A. What Are We Trying to Change? 1. The Core Personality? 2. Discovering Who We Are in Christ? 3. The Desires? B. What Do We Change People Into? C. By What Authority? 1. The Scriptures: 2. The Goal: Maturity; Christ-likeness As Christian counselors, we are under the authority to encourage people to change or conform to the pattern (the behaviors and desires) of Jesus Christ. III. The Barriers to Change A.Apathy – Lacking Motivation (Elijah) Elijah’s lack of motivation was directly applied to â€Å"bad believing. † B. Lack of Sustained Commitment – Resistance to Change (Hosea) C. Lack of Belief that Change is Possible – Victim-Orientation (Saul/Jonathan) â€Å"My environment has been bad so I can’t change. † D. Lack of Knowledge – Concerning what God says about chan ge, concerning the process of change, and concerning what needs to be changed IV. The Bible on Change A. We Can Change. 1. Regeneration – Immediate (Based on the Resurrection) 2. Transformation – Training Process (Through the Holy Spirit and the Word)B. What Needs to Be Changed? 1. Sin (Isaiah 1:18) 2. Pride (Revelation 3) 3. Relationships (Malachi 2) 4. Behavior (Ephesians 4:28) 5. Attitudes and Beliefs (Matthew 19) C. Elements Central to the Process of Change 1. Other People (Galatians 6:1) 2. The Word (Romans 12:1-2) 3. The Holy Spirit (Ephesians 5; Galatians 5:16) 4. The Community of Faith (Hebrews 10:24-25) V. Elements Requiring Attention as We Help People with the Process of Change A. Create an environment that optimizes the potential for change (Proverbs 29:18). B. Provide loving direction throughout sessions (Ecclesiastes 12).C. Be flexible in your approach (1 Corinthians 12). D. Work out a framework that enables comprehensiveness and direction. 1. Addiction Is sues 2. Thinking Issues 3. Feelings (Indicators) 4. Spiritual Issues 5. Environmental Issues 6. Developmental History Issues E. Work collaboratively to decide where we need to begin and go. F. Get a commitment to action plans. G. Give them something to accomplish outside the session. H. Monitor the process and commit to intercessory prayer support. I. Terminate and transition to service and community Change comes as a result of training not trying.CCOU 203 Study Questions: 1. What are the opposing beliefs about change? Is change possible? What authority establishes the direction of change for the Christian caregiver? 2. Name four barriers we encounter when we seek to help people with change? 3. According to the Bible, what needs to be changed in people’s lives? Name four elements that are central to the change process. What elements should be fostered to create an environment that optimizes the possibility of change? 4. Is it good for the Christian caregiver to provide direct ion for the care-seeker?What do we learn from I Thessalonians 5:14 about flexibility in care-giving? Why should we work collaboratively with the care-seeker to develop an action plan? 5. Why is it important to pray for people we are helping with change? What attitude does faith in the resurrection of Jesus Christ produce in those who are seeking to change their lives? Soul Care Notes: I Kings 19 Isaiah 1:18 Hosea 6:11 Romans 12:1,2 II Corinthians 5:17 Philippians 4:13 Ephesians 4:12-16 Ephesians 5:1 II Timothy 1:7 II Timothy 3:15-17 I Thessalonians 5:14

A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner: The Narrator

William Faulkner was the first to turn the eyes of America toward the South six decades after the Civil War.   The war was still a sore spot for most citizens of the United States and the people of the South were still considered by many as the enemy, not just because it had left the Union, but because of the complicated rules of her society.Faulkner allowed the rest of the country a glimpse into this world which can sometimes be macabre.   His short story A Rose For Emily, published in nineteen thirty, was told in third person limited point of view.   The choice of narrator for this story was essential to the story because of the fact that the narrator is an insider in the culture that was almost forgotten previous to the Modernism Period.The narrator is a citizen of Jefferson, Mississippi in the county Yoknapatawpha County, the fictional town and county created by Faulkner that represented his own town of Oxford.Any culture feels threatened when an outsider reveals its negati ve traits; therefore the narrator had to be a Southerner.   When he tells the story, he uses the pronoun â€Å"we† when referring to the citizens of Jefferson.This allows the reader to understand that the narrator speaks for the town and is familiar with the culture.   It seems if the one telling the story is a man even if this is never stated.   A woman would not have made the statement that the narrator does about the reason that Colonel Sartoris has remitted her taxes.â€Å"Only a man of Colonel Sartoris' generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.† (Faulkner)   From the statement one can surmise that the narrator is a male.   He remains unnamed throughout the story, yet he would have to be elderly since he not only relates the details of Miss Emily’s, the protagonist, death, but can also relate the story of her youth.Miss Emily is of the aristocracy in Jefferson, yet the narrator is obviously not.   He is probably working class because he knows her and is privileged to the information of the other citizens as well as having access to her actions when she is outside of her home.   He definitely sees a line drawn between himself and the Griersons, instead, he identifies with the majority of the citizens of the town of Jefferson.He has for years listened to the gossip of the small southern town and accepted it as truth, at times feeling sympathy and other times passing judgment on Miss Emily as well as the others.   â€Å"Being left alone, and a pauper, she had become humanized. Now she too would know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or less.† (Faulkner)He feels vindicated when she is brought down to the level of the rest of the people in town, yet his heart feels for her when she is left alone when her father dies and when it seems as if Homer Baron, her lover, has abandoned her.The fictional town Jefferson, Mississippi deep in the heart of the South sha pes the narrator’s perspective of the story.   While the reader will be mortified by what takes place throughout the story, the narrator accepts them as just everyday happenings.  Ã‚   Since the narrator is a citizen, the culture does not seem strange.Because of this the reader can understand that the way of life that is depicted is real.   It really does matter what a person’s last name is and what class he/ was born into in Jefferson and other Southern towns.   It was feasible that certain people could walk into a drugstore and purchase poison without being questions just two weeks later when an odor was noticed outside of her home and her lover disappeared.The narrator would have to be familiar with this setting to not question it himself.   His own reactions reveal that he expects the rest of the world to accept the ways of Jefferson and his Southern culture as normal and natural.If Faulkner had chosen any other narrator than the average man from Jefferso n the impact that the story had would not have been as incredible as it was.   The reader would not have been able to bring an objective point of view to the story if he/she were clouded with the sympathy for Miss Emily telling her own story.It is vital to the story that she is dead at the end and cannot pay legally for what she has done, therefore she could not tell her story.   The fact that men and women will never truly understand the mind of the opposite sex makes a masculine narrator more objective.A female would understand Miss Emily too well and bring judgment to her actions.   The only other character that could possibly tell Miss Emily’s story would be her servant, Toby.   However, he is obviously too loyal to not be shaded by her actions.The negro met the first of the ladies at the front door and let them in, with their hushed, sibilant voices and their quick, curious glances, and then he disappeared. He walked right through the house and out the back and w as not seen again. (Faulkner)He would rather leave everything that he knows than to reveal the secrets he has kept for his whole adult life.   He would simply be too reserved.   The narrator that was chosen is the one who could tell the story and symbolically giving Miss Emily a rose by bringing her story to the world.Faulkner’s genius is clearly at work by choosing the narrator that he did.   His choice of storyteller allowed the readers to realize that there was more to Southern people than the Confederacy and that was a society with clearly drawn lines and rules that were accepted as a way of life.Works CitedFaulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. 30, April 1930 Mead School District. 29, January 2009http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Ogf7G-mySCwJ:www.mead.k12.wa.us/mhs/Stedman/classweb/Short%2520Stories /A%2520Rose%2520For%2520Emily.pdf+a+rose+for+emily+online+text&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&ie=UTF-8